Affirmative Action Discrimination And Discrimination

First affirmative action refers to policies offering compensation to groups formerly targeted for discrimination and identified along social cleavages - racial groups in the United States and South Africa, and religious groups in Northern Ireland. Affirmative action is a federally mandated program for federal contractors as it relates to employment. Civil rights result from a series of federal and state civil rights laws and provide protection from discrimination and harassment on a variety of bases, including race, color, national origin, gender, age, disability, religion and veteran status. Diversity can be defined in many ways, including diversity of thought, experiences, and backgrounds. Together, all three can contribute to a more welcoming. Affirmative action helps create a level playing field that gives everyone an equal opportunity to compete for a job and career. It ensures that no person is disadvantaged or treated unfairly during the hiring process because of their race, e thnicity or gender. It is about fairness and justice for all. Who could be against that? â€Å"For federal contractors and subcontractors, affirmative action must be taken by covered employers to recruit and advance qualified minorities, women, persons with disabilities, and veterans. Affirmative actions include training programs, outreach efforts, and other positive steps. These procedures should be incorporated into the company written personnel policies†3333 The affirmative action rules have to beShow MoreRelatedAffirmative Action : Discrimination And Discrimination Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesWHAT IS AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Affirmative action can be described as positive discrimination. It is an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education. Affirmative action means taking positive steps to end discrimination, to prevent its recurrence, and to creative new opportunities that were previously denied minorities and women. Affirmative action itself has been defined as any measure, beyond simple termination of a discriminatoryRead MoreAffirmative Action : Discrimination And Discrimination927 Words   |  4 PagesLegally, affirmative action refers to policies offering compensation to groups formerly targeted for discrimination and identified along social cleavages racial groups in the United States and South Africa, and religious groups in Northern Ireland. Affirmative action is also described as a federally mandated program for federal contractors as it relates to employment. Civil Right results from federal and state laws against discrimination. Some groups of people have been discriminated and harassmentRead MoreEssay on Affirmative Action is Discrimination1075 Words   |  5 PagesAffirmative action is wrong and will not help solve the problems minorities face.nbsp; The reason it is wrong is because its discrimination.nbsp; It has no place in todays society in todays society because it does more b ad than good.nbsp; In addition to that most people dont enjoy the presence of affirmative action.nbsp; Also, it appears that affirmative action can actually be detrimental to employees health.nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;nRead MoreAffirmative Action : Discrimination And Ethnicity Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesLucia Lopez Intro to Philosophy Professor Gill Affirmative Action In â€Å"Arguing Affirmative Action,† Harvard professor Michael J. Sandel discusses the arguments that have arisen from the entry of affirmative action into practice. Affirmative action refers to admission policies, in this case put into effect by universities, that provide equal access to education for groups that have been historically excluded or underrepresented, such as women and minorities. In his essay, Sandel asks whether itRead MoreWorkplace Discrimination And Affirmative Action2174 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract Discrimination is an issue that has been debated for hundreds of years. It is a subject that is continuously researched and relentlessly looking for resolutions to amend the problems that occur. There are a myriad of types of discrimination but the main focus of this paper is on workplace discrimination and the effects affirmative action has on it. Workplace discrimination transpires when an employee suffers from unfavorable or unfair treatment due to race, religion, gender, sexual orientationRead MoreAffirmative Action is NOT Reverse Discrimination Essay2079 Words   |  9 Pages Affirmative action is not the source of discrimination, but the vehicle for removing the effects of discrimination. The Labor Department report found less than 100 reverse discrimination cases among more than 3,000 discrimination opinions by the U.S. District Court and the Court of Appeal between 1990 and 1994. Discrimination was established in only six cases. The report found that, â€Å"Many of the cases were the result of a disappointed applicant†¦. erroneously assuming that when a woman or minorityRead MoreEssay on Affirmative Action is Reverse Discrimination1010 Words   |  5 PagesAffirmative Action is Reverse Discrimination    When the Civil Rights Bill was being debated on the floor of the Senate, Barry Goldwater predicted that this particular bill might be abused. Herbert Humphrey, however, stated that he would eat every page of the bill if ever it were used to justify discrimination against anybody on account of race or sex. The bill eventually passed and became the Civil Rights Act. From college admissions to government contracts, the Civil Rights Act has been grosslyRead MoreDiscrimination And Sexual Harassment And Affirmative Action1594 Words   |  7 PagesDiscrimination and Sexual Harassment Most companies engage in some type of affirmative action policy. Affirmative actions are policies that are placed to engage in the improvement of underprivileged groups who either currently suffer or have historically suffered from discrimination and equality of opportunity. During our lecture, Dr. Kallfelz stated that affirmative action is a, â€Å"Proactive policy with primary immediate attempt to reform (and long term attempt to prevent and deter) socioeconomicallyRead MoreEssay on Reverse Discrimination and Affirmative Action4000 Words   |  16 PagesReverse Discrimination and Affirmative Action Discrimination in employment has been an issue that has plagued our society throughout history. At the turn of this century it was acceptable to advertise job openings and specifically state that people of a certain race, color, religion, gender, or national origin need not apply. A lot has changed over the last 100 years. The proverbial pendulum has swung in the direction of federal protection of certain people, but the problem now is thatRead MoreAffirmative Action : Discrimination Against Minorities1513 Words   |  7 PagesOthmane Ezzabdi AP Seminar Affirmative Action Affirmative action has been apart of the work environment in America since the 1960s until present time. Its main goal has been to suppress the discrimination against minorities and to give them a fighting chance to succeed in achieving their goal of living the American dream all in an act to counter the inexcusable racism and discrimination that has been inhumanely placed on to the minorities over a century ago in the United States; it will ultimately

The Constitutional Provisions With Reference Freedom Of...

2.1 Constitutional Provisions with reference to Freedom of Press Our constitution unlike the American Constitution does not specifically or separately provide for the liberty of press. The omission was explained by Dr. B.R Ambedkar when he observed, â€Å"The press has no special rights which are not to be given or which are not to be exercised by the citizen in his individual capacity. The editor of a press or the manager is merely exercising the right of expression, and, therefore no special mention is necessary of the freedom of the press.† Therefore, it is now settled that right to freedom of speech and expression in Article 19(1) (a) includes the liberty granted to press. The importance of freedom of press in parliamentary democracy was recognized, stated, re stated by the superior courts despite the fact there is no specific enumeration of this freedom. Liberty of Press is crucial for healthy development of a democratic nation and the judiciary has been extremely influential in developing the jurisprudence pertaining to freedom of Press. Liberty of Press is printing without previous license, subject to the consequences of law. In Romesh Thaper v. State of Madras, Patanjali Sastri, C.J. observed: â€Å"Freedom of speech and of the press lay at the foundation of all democratic organizations, for without free political discussion public education, so essential for the proper functioning of the process of popular government, is possible.† 2.2 Meaning of Trial by MediaShow MoreRelatedExternal Laws And Judicial Decisions919 Words   |  4 PagesLack of Absolution These rights enshrined in constitutions are rarely absolute. Constitutions often limit rights by making references to external laws, narrowing their scope to the public sphere, invoking religion, and pointing out the supremacy of other constitutional provisions. 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The original intent of for freedom of speech, along with current views, events, opinions, an evaluation of the affects of Supreme Court decisions, and considerations for the future of this clause will be discussed. Original intent of freedom of speech The original intent of the clause of freedom of speech is difficult to point-out. There were several framers of theRead MoreThe United States Constitution And The American Declaration Of Independence1525 Words   |  7 Pagesa number of underpinnings of the Declaration in its articles and Amendments. The Constitution, he asserts, is like the child of the Declaration, practicing its language, letter and spirit as far as possible concerning the protection of rights and freedoms of Americans (8). 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In its broader sense the Constitution itself prescribes the basic legal system of the country. To guarantee and promote fundamental rights and freedoms of the citizens and the respect for the principles of the democratic State based on rule of law. The Supreme Court of IndiaRead MoreApplication Of Rule Of Law Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Fundamental rights included in part-3 which restriction on the law making power of the Indian Parliament. It includes freedom of speech, expression, association, movement, residence, property, profession and personal liberty. In its broader sense the Constitution itself prescribes the basic legal system of the country. To guarantee and promote fundamental rights and freedoms of the citizens and the respect for the principles of the democratic State based on rule of law. 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Prostitution Essay Free Essays

Jessica Beltran Ms. Overbey English 10A 9 November 2011 â€Å"CAPTIAN SAVE A PROSTITUTE! † When talking of the legalization of prostitution, ,any say that it should be banned from America completely. But in my opinion, Prostitution should be legalized in all 50 states of the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Prostitution Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. this being illegal is discriminating against Americans rights, and wants as what they choose as heir profession. The government should allow regulated prostitution. Stating that prostitution is â€Å"wrong†, and that anyone who chooses their occupation as a sex worker should be thrown in jail as if they are criminals is absurd. This being illegal is taking Americans from their freedom of choice. If the government makes prostitution legal it gives them a chance to regulate the job. According to http://www. bayswan. org/stats. html, 35%- 40% of sexually transmitted diseases in the country come from prostitution. By making wear condom, will prevent diseases from spreading throughout civilization. And also, the government can be sure that it will only be people of ages 18 and over choosing this occupation. Putting prostitutes in the same category as the thieves, murderers, and menaces is ridiculous. Also, prostitution is a normal everyday job just like any other. Having sexual contact with another person for money and pay bills like another person. Most Americans need another alternative occupation to survive, and prostitution is just another option to anyone open to the idea. If you refer to http://www. aflcio. org/issues/jobseconomy/, when talking of America’s horrible economy, Since 2001, the nation has lost more than 2. 5 million manufacturing jobs and more than 850,000 professional service and information sector jobs. No one knows for sure how many of these jobs have been lost due to increased import competition and shifts in production abroad. We humans are in need of more jobs. The American Civil Liberties (ACLU) wrote†¦Ã¢â‚¬  whether a person choose to engage in sexual activity for purpose of recreation or in exchange for something of value, is a matter of individual choice, not for governmental inference. † Making prostitution legal is another way to give people who have no other choices to make something of their selves. Making citizen against prostitution might say it violates the right to liberty and security, and the prohibition to slavery. And that it is also degrading to one’s body. But if it is decided to legalize this profession to employ prostitutes who are over the age of consent, doing the work voluntarily will remove the issue of Americans being forces into work. Lastly, why is it that it is illegal to pay a prostitute for sex, but not legal for a film director to pay two people to have sex in front of a camera and then make money for the product? California Supreme Court noted that in order for there to be ‘pondering’, there must be ‘prostitution’. Prostitution is defined as- any lewd act between persons for money or other consideration. Since the performers engaged in sexual acts before the movie camera for money, what they are doing is prostitution. If pornography is legal than prostitution should be as well. It is only right to make prostitution legal in America to let people choose a job they enjoy, and they shouldn’t be judged by it. No person’s human rights should be violated on the basis of their trade, occupation, work, calling, or profession. How to cite Prostitution Essay, Essays Prostitution Essay Free Essays Analyse How Prostitution Is Represented In British Television from 2000 Onwards. In Britain paying for sex is not illegal. But there are many laws criminalising the activities of prostitution. We will write a custom essay sample on Prostitution Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now For years people have been arguing over what to do with the laws on prostitution. Recently, there have been many debates over the legality of it, and eventually stricter laws have been put in place to try and stop the act of prostitution. Under the 2003 Sexual Offences Act, it is illegal to incite prostitution or control it for your personal gain, banning the running of a brothel, making it illegal to loiter or solicit sex on the streets and the act of kerb crawling. Trafficking is also illegal. Other laws such as public nuisance are used to target the sex trade. Stricter laws are looking are being put in place that will give police the ability to close down more brothels, and licensing rules will change in regards to lap dancing and strip clubs to try and halt their expansion. Despite the many thousands of women involved in the sale of sexual services, and even greater numbers of men who purchase these services, research and publications on prostitution for much of the post-war period has been relatively limited. For most of this period the street trade has been largely confined to certain red light districts and therefore out of sight to the general public† (Matthews, 2008, page 1). Prostitution has always bee n an issue, but as Matthews states, out of sight is out of mind. Prostitution was bought to the public’s attention in the late 1980s when growing concerns were acknowledged including; â€Å"The spread of HIV and AIDS, the growth of prostitute support, increased public demands to control street prostitution, the growing preoccupation with trafficking and the visible increase in the number of foreign women involved in prostitution†, (Matthews, 2008, page 1). As well as people worrying about the growth of prostitution and trying to enforce stricter laws to stop it, there were people campaigning to decriminalise the act. During the 1980s a number of groups emerged that were trying to promote the rights of prostitutes. The ECP (English Collective of Prostitutes) in the UK, set out to legalise prostitution and normalise the issue. Prostitution is becoming a fast growing phenomenon; â€Å"In London, where prostitutes mainly operate behind closed doors, the number of street customers is estimated at 7,620 a week (Home Office 2004)†, (Monzini, 2005, page 9). Prostitution seems to be about the problems of relations between men and women, as well as to satisfy male urges. In Britain the typical male client is a man aged about 30, married and quite well off. If the clients are usually married then why are they seeking prostitutes? ; â€Å"It has been argued that men who are unsure of their capacity for relations with the opposite sex can escape what they feel as a burden of responsibility†¦ recourse to commercial sex often can be seen as a kind of revenge of reaffirmation, however temporary, of men over women†, (Monzini, 2005, page 10). Monzini is stating that men go with prostitutes to regain power that they have lost elsewhere. A lot of the time being lost in their own relationship. The customer wants to have complete control over the prostitute to make themselves feel stronger and more powerful, this can sometimes lead to violence against the prostitute when they do not comply to the customers needs, mostly being their insistence that the customer wears a condom. It’s been argued that people use prostitutes to act out sexual fantasies that will ‘undo’ the traumas of childhood; â€Å"Sexual fantasies perform a similar function in adulthood to that performed by daydreams in childhood. This time the fantasist is in control, and can direct the scenario towards and ultimately satisfying outcome- orgasm† (O’Connell Davidson, 1998, Page 138). Prostitution is often seen as an escape from over complicated relations. When customers go with prostitutes they are trying to kid themselves that the connection is real; â€Å"Customers pick up street girls in their car, or go to places where they are given only a few minutes to do their business; there are even small hotels that rent rooms out not for an hour but for 5 minutes,† (Monzini, 2005, page 12). The sexual encounter is very short and suggests that in reality there is no connection between customer and prostitute. This can be seen in the television programme Secret Diary of a Call Girl, where Belle (Billie Piper) says; â€Å"Work out what the client wants as fast as you can and give it to him†, (Secret Diary of a Call Girl, 2008). Prostitutes are merely used for sex. There is no real connection or bond between them and the client. The client wants to have sex and feel wanted, while the prostitute just wants the money, so they try not to get involved. Trafficking has increased hugely in the recent years. Mainly women from across Europe are taken from their families and sent to other countries to work as various things, including sex workers. Data taken from the IOM (Anti-Trafficking Unit of the International Organisation for Migration) gave questionnaires to people that had been reported to the IOM to find out about their recruitment. 103 people trafficked themselves because of several reasons including, having been kidnapped, 5. 4%, through the use of the internet, television and newspapers, 7. 4%, sold by their family, 0. 5%, or personal reasons, 84. 1%. This data shows that most people began trafficking for their own reasons, but also shows that a huge number of them were forced into it one way or another. The Home Office estimates that there are between 6,000 and 18,000 trafficked women and girls being forc ed to work as prostitutes in the UK. An article found in the Telegraph newspaper tells of how young schoolgirls are being forced into prostitution; â€Å"The MP said he knew of cases in his Huddersfield constituency where girls first met young men, perhaps driving â€Å"flash cars† outside school who made the initial contact. They then took them out and introduced them to drink and drugs before embarking on a sexual relationship. The girl would believe they were with their first boyfriend but before long, older men would then take over, forcing them to have sex and selling them to others† (The Telegraph, 21st January 2009). Julia O’Connell Davidson suggests that people become prostitutes due to extreme, poor living conditions, and a bad way of life; â€Å"People will generally surrender such powers over their person to others only under very particular social, political and economic conditions- conditions which effectively limit their ‘choices’ to a set of alternatives which are not of their choosing. In some cases these relations present people with a stark ‘choice’ between abject poverty or prostitution, or between violence, even death, or prostitution†, (O’Connell Davidson, 1998, Page 3). O’Connell Davidson is saying that people are using prostitution as an escape. It is very much a last resort for many people, who turn to the business for help and for money so that they can survive. For a lot of girls prostitution is a better way of living then their normal lives, where some may get beaten by family members or other such things. Research by Karen Sharpe shows other reasons as to why girls begin prostituting themselves; â€Å"Women were introduced to the profession, or at the very least were directly influenced or encouraged to turn to prostitution, by friends or other members of the family who were either currently involved, or who had previously been involved in, the prostitution business,† (Sharpe, 1998, Page 41). This is a whole separate issue. It shows that many girls are not choosing the life of prostitution as an escape but because they are forced into it. Another reason for turning to prostitution is about money. Many young girls are getting into the sex industry to pay their way through university or college. An article in the TimesOnline shows a study undertaken by Kingston University, which shows a 50% rise in the number of students resorting to prostitution or other jobs in the sex industry over the past six years. â€Å"In a survey that asked 130 students whether they knew any friends involved in the sex industry, one in 10 said they knew of students who had stripped, lapdanced or worked at massage parlours and escort agencies to support themselves. Just over 6% said they knew students who worked as prostitutes,† (Times Online, October 2006). This is a frightening amount of young people getting into the industry to get themselves out of trouble. Prostitution is not really a choice for most people anymore, it’s a way to survive. Finally the problems surrounding prostitution are being taken seriously, with plans being made to put in more laws to try and stop prostitution. With all this being put into motion comes the release of Secret Diary of a Call Girl, glamorising sex work and giving the impression that being a prostitute can be a good career choice for young women. September 2008 saw this programme aired on our televisions. It is based on a book called Belle De Jour: The Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl. The television show stars Billie Piper as Belle De Jour, the high class prostitute. The show bought in nearly two million viewers when the first episode was aired. Throughout the first series ratings fluctuated, ending the series with just under one million viewers. The second series never reached one million. So why the sudden drop in ratings? Only 8 complaints were filed after the show was first aired. Having watched the show it is clear to see that there is no real story line to it. Secret Diary only gives an insight into sex work through an agent; there is no realism to the show. Belle seems to live a very glamorous life. She was not forced into prostitution because she was homeless or poor like so many others are, but instead she chose the career path for herself; â€Å"So why do I do it? Well, because I love sex and I love money† (Secret Diary of a Call Girl, 2008). In a year Belle earnt over ? 100,000. Young girls watching the show with money problems or children to support could easily get the idea that being a prostitute is not such a bad thing. The show offers no realistic view of street prostitution and the dangers of it. While Belle has an agent who she checks in with after meeting every client it does not assure her safety. In episode 6 of series 1, she encounters a slight problem with a client. When she goes to call her agent he turns nasty; â€Å"I don’t want you to call anyone. I’ve paid for you. Please take your clothes off,† (Secret Diary of a Call Girl, 2008). Many researchers on the subject of prostitution suggest that one of the reasons men buy sex is to do with power; â€Å"Buying sex as an exercise of power for disempowered men,† (Sanders, 2008, Page 40). Sanders is suggesting that men are purchasing sex because they have lost power elsewhere in their lives and paying someone to do what you tell them to is a way for men to regain the power. This is a possible explanation for why the man in Secret Diary got angry because Belle was not doing as she was told, making the client feel belittled, as he no longer has the power. Secret Diary of a Call Girl is not a very good representative of the industry of sex work. It only gives an insight into the work of escorts and is based on the stories of one girl. Crimefighters- The Vice, was aired on television in 2008. It is a series following a vice squad around Nottingham who are tackling the problem of street prostitution. In one particular episode (23rd October) a man is caught with a prostitute in a park late at night. In another episode (27th September) a man is caught in an alleyway with a prostitute. The programme offers a realistic insight into the work of street prostitution and how bad it really is. Men are paying ? 10-? 20 to have sex with these women in dark, dingy parks, down grotty alleyways and even in front of people’s houses. One episode shows the vice squad interviewing everal prostitutes from around the area and finding out how they really feel about it. The general consensus from them is that they are ashamed of themselves and would rather be doing anything else but prostituting themselves. One prostitute has been in the industry for 15 years and has averaged 10-15 men a day. This being true she would have slept with over 75,000 men in her time as a prostitute. In respon se to this she says; â€Å"It is just a job,† (Crimefighters, 2008). She has been prostituting herself for so long now that she does not seem to have any real feelings towards the job in hand. After watching this episode it is clear to see that most of the women in the area began prostituting themselves because they are homeless and addicted to drugs or have children to support. But the money they do make goes straight on more drugs. These prostitutes are spending up to ? 200 a day on drugs and the money they are making is going straight on more drugs. It is a vicious circle that they will not get out of without help. Unlike Belle, these women hate their jobs; â€Å"They make my skin crawl. I’m not out here for fun. I can’t stand them touching me,† (Crimefighters, 2008). This shows that these prostitutes are selling themselves because they have no other choice. They become reliant upon the money they are making that they cannot get themselves out of it. Street prostitution is dangerous. Crimefighters helps to show that there are dangers to being a prostitute and that people can turn nasty. ; â€Å"I could get picked up one day and chucked out in a ditch†, (Crimefighters, 2008). One prostitute said this on the programme. Clearly there is a danger to selling your body on the streets, as there is no one looking after your well being. Research has shown that women get pushed into prostitution for one reason or another and are then too afraid to stop selling themselves because they are scared of being killed by whoever is controlling them; â€Å"[JP: Why didn’t you just stop giving him the money and stop seeing him? ] Coz he’d kill me. He’d beat the hell out of me. I know that. You just know it at the back of your mind. It’s easier to just do what he wants† (Margie, aged 32). [â€Å"JP: Why didn’t you go to the police about him? ] Coz I’ve felt his punches. Anyway, it doesn’t matter if I did, coz wherever I go he’d hunt me down† (Sammy, aged 18). If you haven’t got their money- the money they want- you’ve had it. You could end up dead† (Patsy, aged 42) (Phoenix, 1999, Page 162). These comments from former prostitutes in Phoenix’s book show just how dangerous prostitution can be. Secret Diary of a Call Girl does not show the dangers of prostitution and is a poor portrayal of what it is like to sell yourself. Research says that men have discovered that they can use their genitalia as a weapon of force. â€Å"Men discovered that they could rape and women discovered that they ‘could not retaliate in kind’,†(O’Connell Davidson, 1998, Page 119). Over 300,000 women are raped a year. Prostitutes are raped on average 8-10 times a year and are constantly at risk of violence. Men can get very nasty if they are not given what they want, which is the main danger for prostitutes. O’Connell Davidson goes on to argue that; â€Å"Rape became not only a male prerogative, but man’s basic weapon of force against women, the principal agent of his will and fear,† (O’Connell Davidson, 1998, Page 119. ) In conclusion, Secret Diary of a Call Girl is not a fair representation of prostitution. In a world where more laws are being put into place to stop the legality of paying for sex, there really is no room for television shows glamorising the work of the sex industry. Although the portrayal of working in the escort business is reasonably accurate, it does not account for street prostitution, an act of the sex industry that is growing bigger and increasingly more dangerous; â€Å"The client will participate in the sex market if his willingness to pay for the first unit of prostitution exceeds the price of prostitution,† (Giusta, 2008, Page 20). This shows that men are only willing to pay as much as is parallel to their want of sex. In countries with an uneven income distribution and discrimination in the labour market, where the clients are typically rich and the possible sex workers are poor, we should expect more sex sold at lower prices†, (Giusta, 2008, Page 32). Giusta is telling us that more men are likely to pay less for sex. Meaning that the number of c lients using street prostitutes is likely to incline, causing a massive problem for our society. In London alone there are 7,620 street clients a week. Unless it is made illegal to pay for sex, this problem is only going to get worse. How to cite Prostitution Essay, Essays

The Elasticity of Demand-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Questions: 1.Explain the Concept of the Price elasticity of demand and provide examples where understanding the nature of the price elasticity of demand has been important in the decision making of a firm. 2.Explain the Concepts of Comparative advantage and absolute advantage and provide examples of situations in which countries have ignored the Principle of Comparative advantage to their cost. Answers: 1.Introduction The elasticity of demand is one of the key important concepts in economics and plays significant role in the decision making of firm. Price elasticity of demand capture changes in the demand with respect to the price both expressed in the percentage term. The discussion focuses on the price elasticity of demand and its influence on firms decision. Analysis Demand elasticity reflects the responsiveness of demand with respect to prices. The degree of changes in demand is not same for all goods. Demand changes not only in response to its own price but also for changes in the related products such as complement or substitute goods. When demand changes in response to own price then it is known as own price elasticity (Nicholson Snyder, 2014). When demand responses to its related product then it is known as cross price elasticity. For firms it is important to know the degree demand responsiveness. Revenue of firm depends on both price and quantity sold. Therefore, whether increase or decrease in price is beneficial for a firm depends on the elasticity of the commodity. For elastic demand reduction a low price is beneficial while for inelastic demand price increase raises firms revenue (Imbs Mejean, 2015). Using this principle monopolist determines their discrimination strategy. In the inelastic market a high price is charged and in elastic market a low price is charged. Conclusion The discussion shows demand elasticity is crucial for firms pricing decision. The concept is applied for price discrimination behaviour of the monopolist. Whether to charge a low price or high price that depend on the price elasticity. 2.Introduction Absolute and comparative advantages are two fundamental theories of international trade. Absolute advantage based on absolute cost of producing goods. The concept of opportunity cost is involved in determining comparative advantage. These two theories are discussed and country specific example is given to identify situation where comparative advantage is avoided. Analysis No countries are self sufficient. Goods and services are exchanged between countries to meet demand. Countries specialized in goods n which they have absolute or comparative advantage. Absolute advantage is defined when one country using the same amount of factor input can produce more goods than its trading partner (Caselli et al., 2015). Then the country specializes in production of this good and exports it. While the country imports the goods in which the trading partner enjoys an absolute advantage. When specialization cannot be identified with absolute advantage then the theory of comparative advantage is used. A country is said to have comparative advantage when it is able to produce one good at a lower opportunity cost than other. One country may have absolute advantage in both goods and this makes application of absolute advantage limited. However, comparative advantage clearly determines specialization. Countries do not always use their comparative advantage. There are situation where countries ignore such advantage. One such country is Japan. Despite having comparative advantage in technical commodities Japan adapts protectionism policy (Ito et al., 2015). The policy believes to bring success for Japanese economy and hence avoid comparative advantage. Conclusion Theories of absolute and comparative advantage are two primary trade theories. Japan shows an exception where country ignores its comparative advantage. References Caselli, F., Koren, M., Lisicky, M., Tenreyro, S. (2015).Diversification through trade(No. w21498). National Bureau of Economic Research. Imbs, J., Mejean, I. (2015). Elasticity optimism.American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics,7(3), 43-83. Ito, B., Mukunoki, H., Tomiura, E., Wakasugi, R. (2015).Trade policy preferences and cross-regional differences: Evidence from individual-level data of Japan. RIETI Discussion Paper Series 15-E-003. Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry. Nicholson, W., Snyder, C. M. (2014).Intermediate microeconomics and its application. Cengage Learning.