Affirmative Action Discrimination And Discrimination

First affirmative action refers to policies offering compensation to groups formerly targeted for discrimination and identified along social cleavages - racial groups in the United States and South Africa, and religious groups in Northern Ireland. Affirmative action is a federally mandated program for federal contractors as it relates to employment. Civil rights result from a series of federal and state civil rights laws and provide protection from discrimination and harassment on a variety of bases, including race, color, national origin, gender, age, disability, religion and veteran status. Diversity can be defined in many ways, including diversity of thought, experiences, and backgrounds. Together, all three can contribute to a more welcoming. Affirmative action helps create a level playing field that gives everyone an equal opportunity to compete for a job and career. It ensures that no person is disadvantaged or treated unfairly during the hiring process because of their race, e thnicity or gender. It is about fairness and justice for all. Who could be against that? â€Å"For federal contractors and subcontractors, affirmative action must be taken by covered employers to recruit and advance qualified minorities, women, persons with disabilities, and veterans. Affirmative actions include training programs, outreach efforts, and other positive steps. These procedures should be incorporated into the company written personnel policies†3333 The affirmative action rules have to beShow MoreRelatedAffirmative Action : Discrimination And Discrimination Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesWHAT IS AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Affirmative action can be described as positive discrimination. It is an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education. Affirmative action means taking positive steps to end discrimination, to prevent its recurrence, and to creative new opportunities that were previously denied minorities and women. Affirmative action itself has been defined as any measure, beyond simple termination of a discriminatoryRead MoreAffirmative Action : Discrimination And Discrimination927 Words   |  4 PagesLegally, affirmative action refers to policies offering compensation to groups formerly targeted for discrimination and identified along social cleavages racial groups in the United States and South Africa, and religious groups in Northern Ireland. Affirmative action is also described as a federally mandated program for federal contractors as it relates to employment. Civil Right results from federal and state laws against discrimination. Some groups of people have been discriminated and harassmentRead MoreEssay on Affirmative Action is Discrimination1075 Words   |  5 PagesAffirmative action is wrong and will not help solve the problems minorities face.nbsp; The reason it is wrong is because its discrimination.nbsp; It has no place in todays society in todays society because it does more b ad than good.nbsp; In addition to that most people dont enjoy the presence of affirmative action.nbsp; Also, it appears that affirmative action can actually be detrimental to employees health.nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;nRead MoreAffirmative Action : Discrimination And Ethnicity Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesLucia Lopez Intro to Philosophy Professor Gill Affirmative Action In â€Å"Arguing Affirmative Action,† Harvard professor Michael J. Sandel discusses the arguments that have arisen from the entry of affirmative action into practice. Affirmative action refers to admission policies, in this case put into effect by universities, that provide equal access to education for groups that have been historically excluded or underrepresented, such as women and minorities. In his essay, Sandel asks whether itRead MoreWorkplace Discrimination And Affirmative Action2174 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract Discrimination is an issue that has been debated for hundreds of years. It is a subject that is continuously researched and relentlessly looking for resolutions to amend the problems that occur. There are a myriad of types of discrimination but the main focus of this paper is on workplace discrimination and the effects affirmative action has on it. Workplace discrimination transpires when an employee suffers from unfavorable or unfair treatment due to race, religion, gender, sexual orientationRead MoreAffirmative Action is NOT Reverse Discrimination Essay2079 Words   |  9 Pages Affirmative action is not the source of discrimination, but the vehicle for removing the effects of discrimination. The Labor Department report found less than 100 reverse discrimination cases among more than 3,000 discrimination opinions by the U.S. District Court and the Court of Appeal between 1990 and 1994. Discrimination was established in only six cases. The report found that, â€Å"Many of the cases were the result of a disappointed applicant†¦. erroneously assuming that when a woman or minorityRead MoreEssay on Affirmative Action is Reverse Discrimination1010 Words   |  5 PagesAffirmative Action is Reverse Discrimination    When the Civil Rights Bill was being debated on the floor of the Senate, Barry Goldwater predicted that this particular bill might be abused. Herbert Humphrey, however, stated that he would eat every page of the bill if ever it were used to justify discrimination against anybody on account of race or sex. The bill eventually passed and became the Civil Rights Act. From college admissions to government contracts, the Civil Rights Act has been grosslyRead MoreDiscrimination And Sexual Harassment And Affirmative Action1594 Words   |  7 PagesDiscrimination and Sexual Harassment Most companies engage in some type of affirmative action policy. Affirmative actions are policies that are placed to engage in the improvement of underprivileged groups who either currently suffer or have historically suffered from discrimination and equality of opportunity. During our lecture, Dr. Kallfelz stated that affirmative action is a, â€Å"Proactive policy with primary immediate attempt to reform (and long term attempt to prevent and deter) socioeconomicallyRead MoreEssay on Reverse Discrimination and Affirmative Action4000 Words   |  16 PagesReverse Discrimination and Affirmative Action Discrimination in employment has been an issue that has plagued our society throughout history. At the turn of this century it was acceptable to advertise job openings and specifically state that people of a certain race, color, religion, gender, or national origin need not apply. A lot has changed over the last 100 years. The proverbial pendulum has swung in the direction of federal protection of certain people, but the problem now is thatRead MoreAffirmative Action : Discrimination Against Minorities1513 Words   |  7 PagesOthmane Ezzabdi AP Seminar Affirmative Action Affirmative action has been apart of the work environment in America since the 1960s until present time. Its main goal has been to suppress the discrimination against minorities and to give them a fighting chance to succeed in achieving their goal of living the American dream all in an act to counter the inexcusable racism and discrimination that has been inhumanely placed on to the minorities over a century ago in the United States; it will ultimately

The Constitutional Provisions With Reference Freedom Of...

2.1 Constitutional Provisions with reference to Freedom of Press Our constitution unlike the American Constitution does not specifically or separately provide for the liberty of press. The omission was explained by Dr. B.R Ambedkar when he observed, â€Å"The press has no special rights which are not to be given or which are not to be exercised by the citizen in his individual capacity. The editor of a press or the manager is merely exercising the right of expression, and, therefore no special mention is necessary of the freedom of the press.† Therefore, it is now settled that right to freedom of speech and expression in Article 19(1) (a) includes the liberty granted to press. The importance of freedom of press in parliamentary democracy was recognized, stated, re stated by the superior courts despite the fact there is no specific enumeration of this freedom. Liberty of Press is crucial for healthy development of a democratic nation and the judiciary has been extremely influential in developing the jurisprudence pertaining to freedom of Press. Liberty of Press is printing without previous license, subject to the consequences of law. In Romesh Thaper v. State of Madras, Patanjali Sastri, C.J. observed: â€Å"Freedom of speech and of the press lay at the foundation of all democratic organizations, for without free political discussion public education, so essential for the proper functioning of the process of popular government, is possible.† 2.2 Meaning of Trial by MediaShow MoreRelatedExternal Laws And Judicial Decisions919 Words   |  4 PagesLack of Absolution These rights enshrined in constitutions are rarely absolute. Constitutions often limit rights by making references to external laws, narrowing their scope to the public sphere, invoking religion, and pointing out the supremacy of other constitutional provisions. 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The original intent of for freedom of speech, along with current views, events, opinions, an evaluation of the affects of Supreme Court decisions, and considerations for the future of this clause will be discussed. Original intent of freedom of speech The original intent of the clause of freedom of speech is difficult to point-out. There were several framers of theRead MoreThe United States Constitution And The American Declaration Of Independence1525 Words   |  7 Pagesa number of underpinnings of the Declaration in its articles and Amendments. The Constitution, he asserts, is like the child of the Declaration, practicing its language, letter and spirit as far as possible concerning the protection of rights and freedoms of Americans (8). 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In its broader sense the Constitution itself prescribes the basic legal system of the country. To guarantee and promote fundamental rights and freedoms of the citizens and the respect for the principles of the democratic State based on rule of law. The Supreme Court of IndiaRead MoreApplication Of Rule Of Law Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Fundamental rights included in part-3 which restriction on the law making power of the Indian Parliament. It includes freedom of speech, expression, association, movement, residence, property, profession and personal liberty. In its broader sense the Constitution itself prescribes the basic legal system of the country. To guarantee and promote fundamental rights and freedoms of the citizens and the respect for the principles of the democratic State based on rule of law. 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Prostitution Essay Free Essays

Jessica Beltran Ms. Overbey English 10A 9 November 2011 â€Å"CAPTIAN SAVE A PROSTITUTE! † When talking of the legalization of prostitution, ,any say that it should be banned from America completely. But in my opinion, Prostitution should be legalized in all 50 states of the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Prostitution Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. this being illegal is discriminating against Americans rights, and wants as what they choose as heir profession. The government should allow regulated prostitution. Stating that prostitution is â€Å"wrong†, and that anyone who chooses their occupation as a sex worker should be thrown in jail as if they are criminals is absurd. This being illegal is taking Americans from their freedom of choice. If the government makes prostitution legal it gives them a chance to regulate the job. According to http://www. bayswan. org/stats. html, 35%- 40% of sexually transmitted diseases in the country come from prostitution. By making wear condom, will prevent diseases from spreading throughout civilization. And also, the government can be sure that it will only be people of ages 18 and over choosing this occupation. Putting prostitutes in the same category as the thieves, murderers, and menaces is ridiculous. Also, prostitution is a normal everyday job just like any other. Having sexual contact with another person for money and pay bills like another person. Most Americans need another alternative occupation to survive, and prostitution is just another option to anyone open to the idea. If you refer to http://www. aflcio. org/issues/jobseconomy/, when talking of America’s horrible economy, Since 2001, the nation has lost more than 2. 5 million manufacturing jobs and more than 850,000 professional service and information sector jobs. No one knows for sure how many of these jobs have been lost due to increased import competition and shifts in production abroad. We humans are in need of more jobs. The American Civil Liberties (ACLU) wrote†¦Ã¢â‚¬  whether a person choose to engage in sexual activity for purpose of recreation or in exchange for something of value, is a matter of individual choice, not for governmental inference. † Making prostitution legal is another way to give people who have no other choices to make something of their selves. Making citizen against prostitution might say it violates the right to liberty and security, and the prohibition to slavery. And that it is also degrading to one’s body. But if it is decided to legalize this profession to employ prostitutes who are over the age of consent, doing the work voluntarily will remove the issue of Americans being forces into work. Lastly, why is it that it is illegal to pay a prostitute for sex, but not legal for a film director to pay two people to have sex in front of a camera and then make money for the product? California Supreme Court noted that in order for there to be ‘pondering’, there must be ‘prostitution’. Prostitution is defined as- any lewd act between persons for money or other consideration. Since the performers engaged in sexual acts before the movie camera for money, what they are doing is prostitution. If pornography is legal than prostitution should be as well. It is only right to make prostitution legal in America to let people choose a job they enjoy, and they shouldn’t be judged by it. No person’s human rights should be violated on the basis of their trade, occupation, work, calling, or profession. How to cite Prostitution Essay, Essays Prostitution Essay Free Essays Analyse How Prostitution Is Represented In British Television from 2000 Onwards. In Britain paying for sex is not illegal. But there are many laws criminalising the activities of prostitution. We will write a custom essay sample on Prostitution Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now For years people have been arguing over what to do with the laws on prostitution. Recently, there have been many debates over the legality of it, and eventually stricter laws have been put in place to try and stop the act of prostitution. Under the 2003 Sexual Offences Act, it is illegal to incite prostitution or control it for your personal gain, banning the running of a brothel, making it illegal to loiter or solicit sex on the streets and the act of kerb crawling. Trafficking is also illegal. Other laws such as public nuisance are used to target the sex trade. Stricter laws are looking are being put in place that will give police the ability to close down more brothels, and licensing rules will change in regards to lap dancing and strip clubs to try and halt their expansion. Despite the many thousands of women involved in the sale of sexual services, and even greater numbers of men who purchase these services, research and publications on prostitution for much of the post-war period has been relatively limited. For most of this period the street trade has been largely confined to certain red light districts and therefore out of sight to the general public† (Matthews, 2008, page 1). Prostitution has always bee n an issue, but as Matthews states, out of sight is out of mind. Prostitution was bought to the public’s attention in the late 1980s when growing concerns were acknowledged including; â€Å"The spread of HIV and AIDS, the growth of prostitute support, increased public demands to control street prostitution, the growing preoccupation with trafficking and the visible increase in the number of foreign women involved in prostitution†, (Matthews, 2008, page 1). As well as people worrying about the growth of prostitution and trying to enforce stricter laws to stop it, there were people campaigning to decriminalise the act. During the 1980s a number of groups emerged that were trying to promote the rights of prostitutes. The ECP (English Collective of Prostitutes) in the UK, set out to legalise prostitution and normalise the issue. Prostitution is becoming a fast growing phenomenon; â€Å"In London, where prostitutes mainly operate behind closed doors, the number of street customers is estimated at 7,620 a week (Home Office 2004)†, (Monzini, 2005, page 9). Prostitution seems to be about the problems of relations between men and women, as well as to satisfy male urges. In Britain the typical male client is a man aged about 30, married and quite well off. If the clients are usually married then why are they seeking prostitutes? ; â€Å"It has been argued that men who are unsure of their capacity for relations with the opposite sex can escape what they feel as a burden of responsibility†¦ recourse to commercial sex often can be seen as a kind of revenge of reaffirmation, however temporary, of men over women†, (Monzini, 2005, page 10). Monzini is stating that men go with prostitutes to regain power that they have lost elsewhere. A lot of the time being lost in their own relationship. The customer wants to have complete control over the prostitute to make themselves feel stronger and more powerful, this can sometimes lead to violence against the prostitute when they do not comply to the customers needs, mostly being their insistence that the customer wears a condom. It’s been argued that people use prostitutes to act out sexual fantasies that will ‘undo’ the traumas of childhood; â€Å"Sexual fantasies perform a similar function in adulthood to that performed by daydreams in childhood. This time the fantasist is in control, and can direct the scenario towards and ultimately satisfying outcome- orgasm† (O’Connell Davidson, 1998, Page 138). Prostitution is often seen as an escape from over complicated relations. When customers go with prostitutes they are trying to kid themselves that the connection is real; â€Å"Customers pick up street girls in their car, or go to places where they are given only a few minutes to do their business; there are even small hotels that rent rooms out not for an hour but for 5 minutes,† (Monzini, 2005, page 12). The sexual encounter is very short and suggests that in reality there is no connection between customer and prostitute. This can be seen in the television programme Secret Diary of a Call Girl, where Belle (Billie Piper) says; â€Å"Work out what the client wants as fast as you can and give it to him†, (Secret Diary of a Call Girl, 2008). Prostitutes are merely used for sex. There is no real connection or bond between them and the client. The client wants to have sex and feel wanted, while the prostitute just wants the money, so they try not to get involved. Trafficking has increased hugely in the recent years. Mainly women from across Europe are taken from their families and sent to other countries to work as various things, including sex workers. Data taken from the IOM (Anti-Trafficking Unit of the International Organisation for Migration) gave questionnaires to people that had been reported to the IOM to find out about their recruitment. 103 people trafficked themselves because of several reasons including, having been kidnapped, 5. 4%, through the use of the internet, television and newspapers, 7. 4%, sold by their family, 0. 5%, or personal reasons, 84. 1%. This data shows that most people began trafficking for their own reasons, but also shows that a huge number of them were forced into it one way or another. The Home Office estimates that there are between 6,000 and 18,000 trafficked women and girls being forc ed to work as prostitutes in the UK. An article found in the Telegraph newspaper tells of how young schoolgirls are being forced into prostitution; â€Å"The MP said he knew of cases in his Huddersfield constituency where girls first met young men, perhaps driving â€Å"flash cars† outside school who made the initial contact. They then took them out and introduced them to drink and drugs before embarking on a sexual relationship. The girl would believe they were with their first boyfriend but before long, older men would then take over, forcing them to have sex and selling them to others† (The Telegraph, 21st January 2009). Julia O’Connell Davidson suggests that people become prostitutes due to extreme, poor living conditions, and a bad way of life; â€Å"People will generally surrender such powers over their person to others only under very particular social, political and economic conditions- conditions which effectively limit their ‘choices’ to a set of alternatives which are not of their choosing. In some cases these relations present people with a stark ‘choice’ between abject poverty or prostitution, or between violence, even death, or prostitution†, (O’Connell Davidson, 1998, Page 3). O’Connell Davidson is saying that people are using prostitution as an escape. It is very much a last resort for many people, who turn to the business for help and for money so that they can survive. For a lot of girls prostitution is a better way of living then their normal lives, where some may get beaten by family members or other such things. Research by Karen Sharpe shows other reasons as to why girls begin prostituting themselves; â€Å"Women were introduced to the profession, or at the very least were directly influenced or encouraged to turn to prostitution, by friends or other members of the family who were either currently involved, or who had previously been involved in, the prostitution business,† (Sharpe, 1998, Page 41). This is a whole separate issue. It shows that many girls are not choosing the life of prostitution as an escape but because they are forced into it. Another reason for turning to prostitution is about money. Many young girls are getting into the sex industry to pay their way through university or college. An article in the TimesOnline shows a study undertaken by Kingston University, which shows a 50% rise in the number of students resorting to prostitution or other jobs in the sex industry over the past six years. â€Å"In a survey that asked 130 students whether they knew any friends involved in the sex industry, one in 10 said they knew of students who had stripped, lapdanced or worked at massage parlours and escort agencies to support themselves. Just over 6% said they knew students who worked as prostitutes,† (Times Online, October 2006). This is a frightening amount of young people getting into the industry to get themselves out of trouble. Prostitution is not really a choice for most people anymore, it’s a way to survive. Finally the problems surrounding prostitution are being taken seriously, with plans being made to put in more laws to try and stop prostitution. With all this being put into motion comes the release of Secret Diary of a Call Girl, glamorising sex work and giving the impression that being a prostitute can be a good career choice for young women. September 2008 saw this programme aired on our televisions. It is based on a book called Belle De Jour: The Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl. The television show stars Billie Piper as Belle De Jour, the high class prostitute. The show bought in nearly two million viewers when the first episode was aired. Throughout the first series ratings fluctuated, ending the series with just under one million viewers. The second series never reached one million. So why the sudden drop in ratings? Only 8 complaints were filed after the show was first aired. Having watched the show it is clear to see that there is no real story line to it. Secret Diary only gives an insight into sex work through an agent; there is no realism to the show. Belle seems to live a very glamorous life. She was not forced into prostitution because she was homeless or poor like so many others are, but instead she chose the career path for herself; â€Å"So why do I do it? Well, because I love sex and I love money† (Secret Diary of a Call Girl, 2008). In a year Belle earnt over ? 100,000. Young girls watching the show with money problems or children to support could easily get the idea that being a prostitute is not such a bad thing. The show offers no realistic view of street prostitution and the dangers of it. While Belle has an agent who she checks in with after meeting every client it does not assure her safety. In episode 6 of series 1, she encounters a slight problem with a client. When she goes to call her agent he turns nasty; â€Å"I don’t want you to call anyone. I’ve paid for you. Please take your clothes off,† (Secret Diary of a Call Girl, 2008). Many researchers on the subject of prostitution suggest that one of the reasons men buy sex is to do with power; â€Å"Buying sex as an exercise of power for disempowered men,† (Sanders, 2008, Page 40). Sanders is suggesting that men are purchasing sex because they have lost power elsewhere in their lives and paying someone to do what you tell them to is a way for men to regain the power. This is a possible explanation for why the man in Secret Diary got angry because Belle was not doing as she was told, making the client feel belittled, as he no longer has the power. Secret Diary of a Call Girl is not a very good representative of the industry of sex work. It only gives an insight into the work of escorts and is based on the stories of one girl. Crimefighters- The Vice, was aired on television in 2008. It is a series following a vice squad around Nottingham who are tackling the problem of street prostitution. In one particular episode (23rd October) a man is caught with a prostitute in a park late at night. In another episode (27th September) a man is caught in an alleyway with a prostitute. The programme offers a realistic insight into the work of street prostitution and how bad it really is. Men are paying ? 10-? 20 to have sex with these women in dark, dingy parks, down grotty alleyways and even in front of people’s houses. One episode shows the vice squad interviewing everal prostitutes from around the area and finding out how they really feel about it. The general consensus from them is that they are ashamed of themselves and would rather be doing anything else but prostituting themselves. One prostitute has been in the industry for 15 years and has averaged 10-15 men a day. This being true she would have slept with over 75,000 men in her time as a prostitute. In respon se to this she says; â€Å"It is just a job,† (Crimefighters, 2008). She has been prostituting herself for so long now that she does not seem to have any real feelings towards the job in hand. After watching this episode it is clear to see that most of the women in the area began prostituting themselves because they are homeless and addicted to drugs or have children to support. But the money they do make goes straight on more drugs. These prostitutes are spending up to ? 200 a day on drugs and the money they are making is going straight on more drugs. It is a vicious circle that they will not get out of without help. Unlike Belle, these women hate their jobs; â€Å"They make my skin crawl. I’m not out here for fun. I can’t stand them touching me,† (Crimefighters, 2008). This shows that these prostitutes are selling themselves because they have no other choice. They become reliant upon the money they are making that they cannot get themselves out of it. Street prostitution is dangerous. Crimefighters helps to show that there are dangers to being a prostitute and that people can turn nasty. ; â€Å"I could get picked up one day and chucked out in a ditch†, (Crimefighters, 2008). One prostitute said this on the programme. Clearly there is a danger to selling your body on the streets, as there is no one looking after your well being. Research has shown that women get pushed into prostitution for one reason or another and are then too afraid to stop selling themselves because they are scared of being killed by whoever is controlling them; â€Å"[JP: Why didn’t you just stop giving him the money and stop seeing him? ] Coz he’d kill me. He’d beat the hell out of me. I know that. You just know it at the back of your mind. It’s easier to just do what he wants† (Margie, aged 32). [â€Å"JP: Why didn’t you go to the police about him? ] Coz I’ve felt his punches. Anyway, it doesn’t matter if I did, coz wherever I go he’d hunt me down† (Sammy, aged 18). If you haven’t got their money- the money they want- you’ve had it. You could end up dead† (Patsy, aged 42) (Phoenix, 1999, Page 162). These comments from former prostitutes in Phoenix’s book show just how dangerous prostitution can be. Secret Diary of a Call Girl does not show the dangers of prostitution and is a poor portrayal of what it is like to sell yourself. Research says that men have discovered that they can use their genitalia as a weapon of force. â€Å"Men discovered that they could rape and women discovered that they ‘could not retaliate in kind’,†(O’Connell Davidson, 1998, Page 119). Over 300,000 women are raped a year. Prostitutes are raped on average 8-10 times a year and are constantly at risk of violence. Men can get very nasty if they are not given what they want, which is the main danger for prostitutes. O’Connell Davidson goes on to argue that; â€Å"Rape became not only a male prerogative, but man’s basic weapon of force against women, the principal agent of his will and fear,† (O’Connell Davidson, 1998, Page 119. ) In conclusion, Secret Diary of a Call Girl is not a fair representation of prostitution. In a world where more laws are being put into place to stop the legality of paying for sex, there really is no room for television shows glamorising the work of the sex industry. Although the portrayal of working in the escort business is reasonably accurate, it does not account for street prostitution, an act of the sex industry that is growing bigger and increasingly more dangerous; â€Å"The client will participate in the sex market if his willingness to pay for the first unit of prostitution exceeds the price of prostitution,† (Giusta, 2008, Page 20). This shows that men are only willing to pay as much as is parallel to their want of sex. In countries with an uneven income distribution and discrimination in the labour market, where the clients are typically rich and the possible sex workers are poor, we should expect more sex sold at lower prices†, (Giusta, 2008, Page 32). Giusta is telling us that more men are likely to pay less for sex. Meaning that the number of c lients using street prostitutes is likely to incline, causing a massive problem for our society. In London alone there are 7,620 street clients a week. Unless it is made illegal to pay for sex, this problem is only going to get worse. How to cite Prostitution Essay, Essays

The Elasticity of Demand-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Questions: 1.Explain the Concept of the Price elasticity of demand and provide examples where understanding the nature of the price elasticity of demand has been important in the decision making of a firm. 2.Explain the Concepts of Comparative advantage and absolute advantage and provide examples of situations in which countries have ignored the Principle of Comparative advantage to their cost. Answers: 1.Introduction The elasticity of demand is one of the key important concepts in economics and plays significant role in the decision making of firm. Price elasticity of demand capture changes in the demand with respect to the price both expressed in the percentage term. The discussion focuses on the price elasticity of demand and its influence on firms decision. Analysis Demand elasticity reflects the responsiveness of demand with respect to prices. The degree of changes in demand is not same for all goods. Demand changes not only in response to its own price but also for changes in the related products such as complement or substitute goods. When demand changes in response to own price then it is known as own price elasticity (Nicholson Snyder, 2014). When demand responses to its related product then it is known as cross price elasticity. For firms it is important to know the degree demand responsiveness. Revenue of firm depends on both price and quantity sold. Therefore, whether increase or decrease in price is beneficial for a firm depends on the elasticity of the commodity. For elastic demand reduction a low price is beneficial while for inelastic demand price increase raises firms revenue (Imbs Mejean, 2015). Using this principle monopolist determines their discrimination strategy. In the inelastic market a high price is charged and in elastic market a low price is charged. Conclusion The discussion shows demand elasticity is crucial for firms pricing decision. The concept is applied for price discrimination behaviour of the monopolist. Whether to charge a low price or high price that depend on the price elasticity. 2.Introduction Absolute and comparative advantages are two fundamental theories of international trade. Absolute advantage based on absolute cost of producing goods. The concept of opportunity cost is involved in determining comparative advantage. These two theories are discussed and country specific example is given to identify situation where comparative advantage is avoided. Analysis No countries are self sufficient. Goods and services are exchanged between countries to meet demand. Countries specialized in goods n which they have absolute or comparative advantage. Absolute advantage is defined when one country using the same amount of factor input can produce more goods than its trading partner (Caselli et al., 2015). Then the country specializes in production of this good and exports it. While the country imports the goods in which the trading partner enjoys an absolute advantage. When specialization cannot be identified with absolute advantage then the theory of comparative advantage is used. A country is said to have comparative advantage when it is able to produce one good at a lower opportunity cost than other. One country may have absolute advantage in both goods and this makes application of absolute advantage limited. However, comparative advantage clearly determines specialization. Countries do not always use their comparative advantage. There are situation where countries ignore such advantage. One such country is Japan. Despite having comparative advantage in technical commodities Japan adapts protectionism policy (Ito et al., 2015). The policy believes to bring success for Japanese economy and hence avoid comparative advantage. Conclusion Theories of absolute and comparative advantage are two primary trade theories. Japan shows an exception where country ignores its comparative advantage. References Caselli, F., Koren, M., Lisicky, M., Tenreyro, S. (2015).Diversification through trade(No. w21498). National Bureau of Economic Research. Imbs, J., Mejean, I. (2015). Elasticity optimism.American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics,7(3), 43-83. Ito, B., Mukunoki, H., Tomiura, E., Wakasugi, R. (2015).Trade policy preferences and cross-regional differences: Evidence from individual-level data of Japan. RIETI Discussion Paper Series 15-E-003. Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry. Nicholson, W., Snyder, C. M. (2014).Intermediate microeconomics and its application. Cengage Learning.

Macro-Environmental Analysis Essay Example

Macro-Environmental Analysis Paper An organisations marketing environment can be defined as the actors and forces external to the marketing management function of the firm that impinge on the marketing managements ability to develop and maintain successful transactions with its customers (Kotler, 1997). In order to fully analyse Marss marketing strategy, it is important to look at its marketing environment first, which is made up of a micro-environment and a macro-environment. According to Kotler (1984), the macro-environment consists of the larger societal forces that affect micro-environment (internal). The micro-environment, on the other hand, consists of the forces close to the company that affect its ability to serve its stakeholders (external). Macro-Environmental Analysis Macro-environment, in Marss case, refers to the whole European ice cream market, since it is beyond the immediate environment but can nevertheless affect Mars as a company. European Ice Cream Market We will write a custom essay sample on Macro-Environmental Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Macro-Environmental Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Macro-Environmental Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Capital requirement in advertising and branding is extremely high in the ice cream market. The spending is responsible for developing brands and generating effect on consumers decision-making process. For the premium ice cream where Mars has positioned itself, launching heavyweight advertising is of more importance, in an effort to create particular brand imagery by convincing consumers of its quality. In the ice cream market, the power of buyers and suppliers has been seen less strong as in other markets, because of the lack of concentration of its buyers and suppliers. Instead, buyers of ice cream has spread widely across all ages, although children are always the primary consumers. The threat of substitution may take forms of product-for-product substitution or substitution of need by a new product or service (Johnson Scholes, 1997). Ice cream, as a fulfilment of needs such as light hunger, refreshment, indulgence, fun sharing and thirst quenching, might be substituted by biscuits, chocolates, crisps, or some traditional snacks in some European countries. In competitive terms, there are two leading companies who dominate most shares in the European market, Unilever, headquartered in the UK and Netherlands, and Nestle, a Switzerland-based company. It indicates the unbalance of competitors. The attractiveness of industry is particularly high when the market growth rate is high (Johnson Scholes, 1997). Even up to the year 2000, the market was predicted to grow at around 5% per annum, especially in the super premium market where the growth rate is over 15%. This is unusual in mature European food markets. The high level of grow rate intensify the competition among various market players. It might also attract potential entrants, which, on the other hand, result to an even more intensive rivalry. However, rivalry can be alleviated to some extents through differentiation strategy. According to Naylor (1999), differentiation refers to the added value in which strategic business unit expects its customers to appreciate. The extra value offered by the company must also be valued by customers more than the extra cost it takes to provide it. In the ice cream market, the offerings of premium and super premium ones are regarded as kinds of differentiation. In this way, some companies will aim to gain market share by focusing on premier or super premium segment whereas the rest will fight for economy ice cream segment, thereby reducing the intensity of competition within the market. Finally, if the exist barrier is high enough, it can increase the competition as well. It is especially a concern of family firms, such as Mars. They tend to not leave the marketplace if this is the only business that they are in (Finlay, 2000). By taking all this factors listed above into account, the opportunity and threat for Mars can be categorised below. Opportunity After looking at the market in the general way, it is time to relate it to Mars company. Europe is relatively a stable environment, which provides a secure market for business, in terms of political factors. As its market share is spread evenly across Europe, Mars benefits a lot from the trading agreements, including EEC, EC, EEA, as they further lower the tariff and create customs union (Brooks Weatherston, 2000). Therefore, the prices of Mars Ice Cream tend to uniform all around the Europe. The expected increase in personal disposable income over a couple of years will also help Mars as consumers will have the necessary funds to realise their desires, and be more likely to go for high quality and more expensive products. The rise in personal disposable income helps the fast expand of Marss premium ice cream market, and indicates that this segmentation will still be beneficial to Mars in the future. As a recent trend, the traditional family meal time has now been challenged. It is largely due to peoples busy working lives. Therefore, it becomes common to find different family members eating different foods at different times. As an easy-to-prepare and ready-to-eat dessert, ice cream has obviously attracted a large number of consumers. Ice cream can be taken back to home and served in flexible portions (take home) or rather consumed immediately (impulse). Deseasonalisation has considered being a tendency in recent years. It implies the less dependency on the hot weather, which, in some European countries, last for quite a short time. Marss Ice Cream has been sold all over the Europe, thus producing deseasonalised items is of more importance on companys agenda. The production of the ice cream is subject to the use of advanced technology in areas like prevention of fat accumulation and coarse texture, sweetness, or drawing temperatures. It, in some ways, raises the threshold of entering ice cream industry, thereby protecting the existing companies, including Mars, from a too fierce rivalry competition. Continued innovation is also a key issue here. Unlike a stapler or cigarette, ice cream is the kind of product which needs continued refreshment and constant innovation in its taste, flavour, texture or ingredients in order to maintain consumer interest and encourage sales and repurchasing. The ability to conduct it relates to the technology as well, which re-invigorate the product portfolio. This kind of requirement has put Mars onto an advantage position since the company has been well-known for its ability of innovation. Threat The biggest threat refers to the counter-offensive defence strategy (Kotler Singh, 1981) employed by Unilever against Mars, since Unilver has effectively prevented Mars from accessing its freezer cabinets. It is done by supplying smaller outlets with free freezer cabinets, which are exclusive to other brands, thus increasing and enhancing its retail outlets. Since macro actors are more difficult to manage and control, a proactive action is required in order to survive in the market. Overall, the European ice cream market is a stable, growing, but highly competitive environment. Stale always indicates that the low level of changeability, higher level of predictability and visibility. Therefore, a prescriptive strategy can take place. Micro-Environmental Analysis Micro-environment is the internal factors that impinge directly on Mars. Mars Ice Cream Mars is highly profitable in confectionery and prepared petfood areas, acting like the market leader in these two categories. However, since the growth rates of these two industries are not high enough, its confectionery and petfood can be regarded as cash cows. The profit generated by its cash cows is actually used to support its question mark, namely Mars Ice Cream (see Figure 1). According to Mars, the ice cream has not generated significant profit since its launch in late 1980s. Mars Ice Cream, enjoying only 5% to 10% market share in Europe, demonstrates an ambiguous future in this growing ice cream market. In this scenario, the company should decide whether to continuously fund it in order to increase market share, or withdraw it from the marketplace as it erodes the companys profit. Therefore, It is said that Mars Ice Cream is a question mark. However, in its product portfolio, no star or dog has been observed. It might imply the unbalance of its current product offering. Strength Probably the major strength Mars has demonstrated for years is its innovation ability. It refers to what Lynch (1998) calls as distinctive strategic element relevant to competing in the marketplace. However, during the early 1990s, this strategy was borrowed by Nestle, a major competitor of Mars. For that reason, the advantage of being able to innovate is a competitive advantage of Mars instead of a core competence. By adopting Porters (1985) model for generic strategies, Mars concentration on a segment of the market is categorised as differentiation (see Figure 2). One of Marss strategies was to price the ice cream at a premium level, which proves to be highly successful. By doing so, Mars has implemented a flanking attack by concentrating distinct market segments that are not adequately served by Unilever and Nestle (Kotler, 1997).

buy custom America’s Established Institutions essay

buy custom America’s Established Institutions essay According to Flexner, notable among institutions that facilitated the existence of oppression among women include capitalism; government; church and family; racism and the law (351). Each of these institutions played contributory roles in furthering anti-suffrage sentiments. This is mainly because they have been constituted in a pro-establishment setting. When it comes to capitalism, industrial states to the north were the last ones to give in. railroad, oil and manufacturing lobbies were secretly working against suffrage campaigns. First because of the threat posed by Womens Christian Temperance Union which had a suffrage cause, and secondly, by WRM, which had established itself as a voice of labor reform since its inception. The WRM was also associated with a new form of socialism that the lobbies considered incompatible with capitalism. Southern states, owing to the history of racism, were opposed to the womens fight against suffrage. The states always associated, and rightly so, feminist struggle with black struggle. Giving women voting rights would mean enfranchising an entire half of the black population. The political machines of the federal government were not certain that they would be able to handle an additional electorate population, which was already suffering from susceptibility to rampant corruption. Being militant, the forces of electoral corruption had no other obvious stance to take apart from oppose any clean-up of politics. Feminist movements were triggering awareness on the need to clean up American politics and therefore had to be opposed. Faced with such difficulties, it seems obvious that nothing short of militancy would have enabled women succeed in their course. The family and the church represent two powerful institutions whose views on the right of women to vote were not on the affirmative. For the church, attention was often drawn to the temptress nature of women, her role in multiplication and her submission to man. This made church leaders unable to join in the fight without fueling controversy. The same case applies to the family when it comes to concepts of male supremacy, child rearing responsibility, sexual double standards, all of which were at risk of being eroded if the advocates of Womens Rights Movement carried the way. It is not likely that men would let go of these traditional family advantages without a fight. Therefore the issue of militancy had to feature prominently in order for the 19th amendment to be born. Buy custom America’s Established Institutions essay

CRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CRM - Essay Example On the other hand, with the customer centric view, it is possible to develop or emphasis on the customers through better communication. Moreover, in order to be efficient, organisations are needed to improve the existing and newly emerged strategies as well as the technologies in order to satisfy customers with better quality products at affordable prices (Sumathi & Sivanandam, 2006). There are apparently ten critical success factors that can be evidently observed and can be considered as significant while initiating a CRM program which includes the establishment of measurable business goals, alignment of the operations of business and information technology. Another factor which can be identified includes receiving support from the executives along with driving the objectives of the business with support from the functional point of view. Another crucial factor is reducing the aspects of customisation by leveraging unnecessary aspects, using trained and experienced employees for CRM, ensuring active involvement in designing and receiving solution by the end users. The other crucial factor which is observed entail investment in training process for empowering employees, usage of phased rolled out schedules and measuring as well as tracking the performances of the employees while conducting a CRM program. The description of the above mentioned factors has been ela borated in the context below: The driving force of CRM can be identified as technology. If the emerging effective advancements of technology are incorporated in the business activity, the business can be operated smoothly with greater productivity along with customer satisfaction. In order to attain customer satisfaction by a considerable extent, it is the responsibility of the organisation to inject technical employees in order to effectively carry out the process of

Practical Synthesis of Useful Substances Using Organocatalysts Research Paper

Practical Synthesis of Useful Substances Using Organocatalysts - Research Paper Example This makes it a more efficient process, which uses fewer chemicals in the synthesis process, making it by a far greener and less toxic process. II. Background A. The concept of organocatalysis Acceleration of chemical processes through addition of substoichiometric quantity of organic compound refers to organocatalysis. In the last few years, interest in this field has increased because of selectivity and efficiency of many organocatalytic reactions, which have met standards of the required organic reactions. Observably, organocatalytic reactions are becoming popular in constructions of complex molecules. This recent development is because the process is less toxic compared to metallic catalysts. Predominant molecules used in the organocatalytic reaction are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorous (McMurry, 2009). Organocatalysts usually display secondary characteristics, which would lead to enamine catalysis or iminium catalysis. The mechanism involved is covalent organo catalysis. High catalysts loading apply in covalent binding of substrates while non-covalent bonding requires low substrate loading. Knoevenagel Condensation applies regular achiral organocatalysts, which uses nitrogen as its basis. The current focus of organocatalysis is asymmetric organocatalysis, which involves the use of chiral catalysts. Scientific reactions indicate asymmetric catalysis occurs when organocatalyst is chiral as observed in aldol reactions (McMurry, 2009). Organocatalysts have the following advantages they are less sensitive to moisture or oxygen, readily available, less toxic, and inexpensive (Berkessel, 2006). These advantages make organocatalysts preferable in pharmaceutical processes. During the chemical reactions toxin produced usually influence usage of certain chemical process. Notably, organocatalysis has less impact to the environment. The condition for the reaction is relatively mild thus making organocatalysts preferable over metal catalysts. The follo wing example illustrating Knoevenagel Condensation indicates that Piperdine forms iminium ion, which is reactive with carbonyl compound. Fig 1: Retrieved from http://www.organic-chemistry.org/topics/organocatalysis.shtm B. Definition of terms Catalyst is a chemical substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction but does not change its chemical composition at the end of the chemical process. Organocatalyst are catalysts, which contain organic compounds. Enamine catalysts refers to a compound that forms when ketone or aldehyde react with secondary amine resulting into a loss of Water. Imine is a compound that contains carbon hydrogen double bond. Covalent bonding refers to a chemical bonding process where atoms share electrons. Covalent bonding occurs between non-metallic atoms. Chiral is a term used to describe a molecule that does not fit on its mirror image (Reetz & Joroch, 2008). Achiral refers to molecules that are identical or fit into their mirror image. Asymmetric or ganocatalysis refers to organic synthesis, which leads to introduction of desired element of chirality (Berkessel, 2006). This technology applies in pharmaceuticals since different enantiomers of molecule contain different biological components. Aldol reaction refers to a method that leads to formation of carbon-carbon bonds. Knoevenagel Condensation this refers to carbon acid compound condensation using aldehydes to produce unsaturated ? and ? compounds (Berkessel, 2006).

Drug and GPA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drug and GPA - Assignment Example Introduction The study on the effect of drug on individual GPA is very useful and critical. This is owing to the fact that, in developed countries, one among four young people between the age of 12 and 20 are involved in drug abuse and excessive alcohol consumption. Several studies in United States learning institutions have also confirmed that drug abuse at young age significantly affects students’ academic performance. Drug abuse also results in increased conflict in schools and school dropouts. The threatening impacts of drugs and alcohol abuse on students GPA have therefore raised the need for intensive research to understand the manner in which drugs affect Grade Point Average at all academic levels (Hommer, 2003). The study will also be critical in helping the policy makers in coming up with an effective intervention measures to address the problem. Research question Does drug effect students’ GPA? Literature review Williams, Powell &Wechsler, (2003, undertook int ensive researches to understand the impact of drugs on GPA. Howver, among there researches, there is no study that has presented a convincing answer. The available research findings in the journal have however confirmed that drug abuse has a critical students GPA. Drusg also dertemines whether a student will remain in school or will terminate their education for other social purposes. Most of their studies that were conducted in the United States of America in 2003 and they linked drug abuse to various social challenges in higher learning institutions including school drop outs, hangovers, alcohol poisoning, Neuro-cognitive defects, and brain dysfunction (Williams, Powell &Wechsler, 2003).. ... Based on this research finding, it is also clear and accurate to observe that male GPA are largely affected by drug consumption more than their female counterparts. On their part, Zimmerman, Caldwell & Bernat, (2006), obrserved that male students who engage in excessive consumptions of alcohol and drugs have a poor GPA compared to female who are involved in the same social vice. Their study further indicated that the rate of drug abuse both in high schools and in other higher learning institutions is increasing at an alarming rate. Therefore, by considering the impact of drugs on students’ performance, (Zimmerman, Caldwell & Bernat, 2006) recognised the importance of intensive research to intensively understand the manner in which drugs affects male and female students Grade Point Average (GPA) at all academic levels. The understanding of impact of drug abuse on male and female student GPA is also vital as it will help in searching for the most appropriate intervention measure s to address the vice (Zimmerman, Caldwell & Bernat, 2006) Method The study used random method to identify the sample. Data was obtained from a sample from CSUN students in June, 2009 (N=541). This sample composed of 35.6% males and 64.4% females. Respondents age was between 18-54 with mean age: 25.4 (s=5.619). The sample was also from different ethical background, 20.6% Asian-Pacific Islander, 25.6% Latino/Hispanic 8.1, 39.1% Caucasian, African American, and 5.6% other. The available information also indicates that among the 36,208 students registered at CSUN43% are men and 57% are women. Ethnically, the population is composed of Asian-Pacific

Performance Based Legislation and Building Control System

Performance Based Legislation and Building Control System Building regulatory control systems: The regulatory control system is also known by the terms, Building regulations, code or control. It can be called the bible of construction which contains the regulations and specifications for the construction standards. Abiding by these codes enables the builders to attain a permission from a certain concerned council. In a gist this regulatory control systems takes into special account public safety, common welfare and factors concerning good health but this is specific for a certain jurisdiction. When enacted it is the law. The target population within the stronghold of this law are engineers, environmental specialists, architects, contractors and real estate managers. The development and implementation of Performance Based Legislation (PBL) including; Performance based legislation, is a broader term that specifically concerns incentive directive for utilities. It focuses on strengthening the performance benefits for a certain utility and is not only confined to construction. Historical Development of PBL Internationally PBL essentially is a quality control regulating legislation. In the North American embodiment, MRP (multi-year plans) have found praise concerning amenities that demanded a greater marketing tractability. The MRPs are essential milestones which are take up as a common attitude to PBL all over the world. This concept has facilitated the construction of railway, lines of telecommunication as well as oil and gas pipelines. This meshwork of interconnectedness enable the sustenance and development of markets with different competition pressures but relying on the same set of basic resources. The utilization of the concept dates back to as early as 1979. The archival information obtained from this year laid emphasis on the utilization of cost and output research. The common designs being Sudit and Baumol. (Baumol, 1982 Saudit 1979).Later the popularity started shifting to Canada and later progressed onward to the United States especially in the paradigms of energy sector. In the construct ion sector, the first introduction of the need for performance based legislation concerning the minimum design requisites dates back to c. 1796 to 1750 BC and are present in the form of Hammurabis Code which states that structure of an abode should not kill a breathing entity. The initial definition of such a design was made known in France back in 1965 attributed to Blachere and the Agrement. The following 50 years were very much stagnant concerning the building design and architecture owed largely due to this code and the laws which pretty much numbed down all the innovative modifications in favour of past experiences. 20th Century saw a marked deviation attributed to the need for increased flexibility to facilitate inter country and continent goods transfer. Finally innovation set its roots and this approach came to be known as performance based building. Privatisation of resources has led to the enactment of regulatory mechanisms in the past 20 years by different countries. . (L iffont Tirole. 1993). The Historical Development of the Building Code of Australia and the incorporation of PBL. The constitution of Australia has laid out important regulations and the control jurisdiction of the government. The matters not mentioned rest with the states. The issues of safety and wellbeing of people and buildings rests with the territorial local governments. This has prompted to eight separate demonstrations of Parliament and eight particular building administrative frameworks. At different circumstances, it has been significantly more unpredictable, with a few states passing on a large number of their building administrative forces to their civil chambers, which successfully sanctioned their own building administrative frameworks by method for committee by-laws. The many-sided quality of Australias building administrative framework gave an authoritative labyrinth to building experts to work through. Be that as it may, after World War II a few of the States and Territories began to set up more uniform specialized building necessities, and those States and Territories which app ointed their essential duties to civil committees began to recover control. This provoked further exchange about the advantages of having a national arrangement of building directions. (Bergeron. 2008).Interstate Standing Committee on Uniform Building Regulations (ISCUBR) was built up in the year 1965. ISCUBR was a conciliatory agreement between the State and Territory organizations in charge of building administrative matters to pool their assets for the combined general advantage of the state and the territories within. ISCUBRs first undertaking was to draft a model specialized code for building administrative purposes. The record was alluded to as the Australian Model Uniform Building Code (AMUBC), and was initially discharged in the mid 1970s. The AMUBC contained recommendations for both specialized matters and some authoritative matters, which depended on the Local Government Act of New South Wales. The aim was that States and Territories could utilize the AMUBC as a model for their own particular building controls. Be that as it may, variety from the model was impressive, with many changing arrangements as per their view of neighborhood needs. (Meacham, 2004). Other areas where PBL is extending? As already mentioned through chronological historical evidence Performance based Legislation is employed in different sectors, it was first employed in the telecommunications and railway sector to improve the interconnectedness in terms of a feasible import and export system both within and between states. (Deroukakis. 2000). This was followed by the advancement of Performance based legislation to the energy sector predominantly oil and gas. Construction and building based performance legislation followed the trend. It had been in force way before in the 1700 BC but it was not flexible and conformed to experience. It was not based on performance but only on the minimal safety procedures and codes that should be adopted. In layman terms PBL can be essentially related to a quality control system that lays out basic requirements to decrease the susceptibility to a mishap in any field and to increase productivity incentives. Its immense benefits have enables many other areas to follow su it and it will continue to especially the health sector and pollution regulatory systems also make use of PBL. (Meacham, 2010). Your opinion as to the advantages and disadvantages of PBL I believe that its advantages outweigh the disadvantages and that has mostly to do with the way the PBL is framed. If we relate to PBL as a department of efficacy control then it makes sure that the set standards are rightfully met and nothing is laid bare for the customer to question against. The desire for these systems originated for receiving an optimum performance ratio along with the most beneficial utilization of resources including money and raw material for an effective revenue generation and customer satisfaction. (Liffont Tirole. 1993). The marketing process like other sciences of management carefully studies the human population and then decides on its mode of action. This particular approach is called the Customer Oriented Approach of marketing, which microscopically analyses the paradigm of behavior and needs from every corner visible or hidden. Then there is another approach of Holistic marketing which analyses market segmentation. This market segmentation is later in corporated to execute perfection in all lines of control. The business is thought of as a complex and various paradigms of the organizations economical and custom based operations are thoroughly studied. All agenda is derived on the basis of customer know how and behavior to make the product incorporation and manufacture a larger profit both for the people and for the manufacturers. Different aspects of marketing role play are pivotal in determining its efficacy. (Machek Hnilica. 2012), Basically all tactics are incorporating efficacy for the customer affiliated investments. The prime purpose of a business is to establish a customer -following. He further stated that customers determine the product design, the sales and promotional department designs the sales pitch. So the crux of all this discussion is that the entire business schematic diagram buds out from the common mans perception of perfection in utility. Building Regulatory Control Systems Building Control Systems in Australia The development of Building regulatory control system or the building code has already been explained. It suggests that the technical provisions and flexible asset utilization are all in all made use of for the general advantage of the communities and the state as whole. That said, the code exhibits feasibility to enable effective marketing within and between territories. The Australian Building Codes Board maintains the Code of Australian building. This has attain a legal status in accordance to the act of building passed in 1975. (Bergeron. 2008).The building code is flexible to allow changes and modifications over the year according to the requirements. The changes are incorporated yearly and it is therefore essential to stay up to date with them in order to avoid disputes. Local Government Ministerial Council consented to the arrangement of the Australian Building Regulations Coordinating Council (AUBRCC) in 1980, to supersede ISCUBR. AUBRCCs principle assignment was to keep on d eveloping the AMUBC, which prompted to the creation of the main release of the Building Code of Australia (BCA) in 1988. The BCA continued to be progressively furnished and amended, the next draft was discharged in 1990. States and Territories dynamically received this release of the BCA amid the mid 1990s. In 1991, the Building Regulation Review Task Force prescribed to Council of Australian Governments (COAG) the foundation of a body to accomplish sweeping national change. An Inter-government Agreement (IGA) was marked in April 1994 to set up the ABCB One of the main assignments of the ABCB was to change over the BCA into an all the more completely execution based archive. The ABCB discharged the execution based BCA (BCA96) in October 1996. BCA96 was embraced by the Commonwealth and most states and regions on 1 July 1997, with the rest of it by mid 1998. (Meacham, 2010). International BuildingControl Systems (Minimum 3) England: Incorporated the utility of robust details within the design approval system. This factor of robust detail is characterized as an intricacy in detail which is not vulnerable to defects on part of workmanship. The utilization or incorporation of a robust detail in design results in immunity from testing. It is essentially owed to the fact that the output or productivity of such designs is way beyond that of meagre performance. The monitoring system in England and Wales is equally extensive and ensures that all requisites are carefully met without a chance of loopholes. (Meacham, 2010). Japan: the approval system consists of three bodies: a local approval body, a private inspection body and a review body. The code does not exhibit flexibility as compared to the Australian code. It implies that if innovative methods are used or are to be used in the entire or even a part of the building that do not abide by the code, a ministerial approval is required. This approval will only be provided after evaluation of the overall general performance. This in turn is done by evaluation bodies which are characterized by high technical expertise and an unprejudiced testing procedure. (Meacham, 2010). Netherlands: Private contractors are in control of the building controls. These are mostly engineers belonging to the private sectors. There is a local building control body which keep in check the level of responsibility adequate as well as the degree of control to be employed. (Meacham, 2010). How the InternationalSystems Compare/Differ to the Australian System i.e Public vs Private? Out of the three countries studied, the Australian building control system has the least chance of disputes and a greater flexibility to incorporate market based innovations. The competition pressure when different resources are considered and therefore the technical provision often have to be moulded to incorporate the innovations. Moreover because the Australian system has developed an agreement between the state and the territories therefore the chances of dispute and benefit disparities are the least. The process is also less tedious and whether the building is private or public sector based the advantage will be quantified on the whole. Japanese system is tedious and the least flexible. It does not consider intricacies like the Australian system. Five stages are involved in the final approval of a design and the building structure approval. The approval system consists of three instead of two bodies which belong to both the public and the private sectors. The system of England a nd Wales considers intricacies in terms of robust details. The approval or disapproval is based on performance evaluation in case of presence of such details. (Meacham, 2010). The Australian system might do well by incorporating a tad bit sterner regulations that take into consideration the initial blueprints as well along with the manufacturers performance evaluation followed by the final building evaluation considering the grade of materials employed in construction and the satisfaction of the labour force. If they have embraced PBL and how? All the countries have embraced PBL to some degree. The modern world is characterized and put into place by the regulations and legislations. There are some main sectors that determine a countrys progress, these being the transport system with immense significance to freight transport by air, land and sea; then there is the telecommunication sector followed by the most important sector or energy pertaining to oil, wind, gas, water, nuclear attributed to the various methods of electricity generation, education and health sectors follow suit. It would be unjust to say that a country, any country, does not adopt PBL in any of these sectors when this control regulatory mechanism forms an essential and inevitable part of a sustainability agenda of the country as a whole. (Deroukakis. 2000). This term is basically a concept for a particular company, business or organization to expand its area of trade across borders. This should first be met with a greater percentage of local consent for i t to thrive in the global markets. Many skeptics however are dubious to its benefits and claim that globalization delineates economical standards and makes them more obvious. Furthermore it is subjected to variability depending on the economic conditions of developed countries. PBL takes into consideration all these minimum factors. Your opinions as to the advantages or disadvantages of each system compared to the Australian Systems Japanese System exhibits a tedious but a completely fool proof system of building control regulation. It follows a conventional system and any innovative design that does not conform to the BSL will have to get the approval from the municipal authority which bases the issuance on the performance standards as a whole. This is the building control system of the Japanese which has enabled the construction of a perfect skyline and erection of buildings withstanding strong jolts of earthquake. One reason for a strict building control system is attributed to the geography of the country as well. Japan is falls in the list of countries hit the most with earthquakes. England takes into consideration the robust details which are intricacies that might be subjected to a poor craftsmanship. This gives a better performance but it also waives off the requirements of testing. Buildings having robust details need more initial scrutiny and once constructed provide a better productivity. Netherlands has probably the most lax system. It relies on private bodies and personnel to manage as control bodies but the regional or local control has power to monitor and levy adequate scrutiny. Everything tends to create a region of influence in its domicile, especially the most popular concepts of globalization and culture encounters. Globalization will probably vent the way but cultural friction will pose an alarming threat to the aspired harmony. The pros of the culture therefore inculcate the potential of growth, identity, prospects of trade and room for evolution. It absorbs as it evolves but retains its boundaries. It allows for a healthy competition among a variety of cultures as well as discerns limits. It is the job of a leader or a project manager in this case to explore the potential of all staff members are ensure that the atmosphere breeds a healthy competition. Your recommendations on PBL for the future. The following minimum requisites should be incorporated in the PBL in case of building system control and the same essence should be utilized in other sectors. The arranging license for building venture must be acquired; The execution drawing of the building must be examined and affirmed by assigned associations; Except for little scale building ventures, application for a development allow must be submitted to the neighbourhood development expert preceding development; All duty substances occupied with building operations must have important capabilities recommended by directions. Specific specialized work force occupied with building operations must get fitting capability declarations; The manufacturer must complete investigation over the building materials, segments and fittings and gear. Those that neglect to pass the investigation might not be utilized; The imaginative development strategies or potentially building items that dont fit in with the obligatory prerequisites of building benchmarks might be shown to accomplish the same level of execution as required; The building control officers and administrators in the interest of the building proprietor can review the work amid development and can request that the manufacturer make amendments, when they choose that building work does not comply with plan prerequisites; After finishing of the work, the building should not be given over for utilize unless it has been affirmed to be appropriate for the planned use through acknowledgment examination; All included gatherings occupied with building operations may apply for quality framework accreditation as well as item quality confirmation to outsider affirmation body endorsed by government; and All included gatherings occupied with building operations may apply for quality framework confirmation and additionally item quality affirmation to outsider accreditation body endorsed by government. References Baumol, William J., (1982). Productivity Incentive Clauses and Rate Adjustment for Inflation, Public Utilities Fortnightly, Bergeron, D. (2008). Codes for Existing Buildings: Different Approaches for Different Countries, proceedings of the 7 th International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods, SFPE, Bethesda, MD, USA, pp.15-23 Deroukakis (2000). Performance-Based Codes: Impact on International Trade, IRCC Occasional Paper, IRCC, October 2000 (www.IRCCbuildingregulations.org) Laffont, Jean-Jacques and Tirole, Jean. (1993) A Theory of Incentives in Procurement and Regulation, The MIT Press, Machek, O., Hnilica, J. (2012), The Role of Productivity Benchmarking in Tariff Regulation of Public Utilities: Evidence from Czech Gas Distribution Industry and Implications for Post-Communist European Countries (PDF)., International Journal of Economics and Statistics., Vol. 2, 2014, pp. 224-230. Meacham, B. J. (2004). Global Policy Summit on the Role of Performance-Based Building Regulations in Addressing Societal Expectations, International Policy, and Local Needs: Summit Report, National Research Council, Washington, DC and Inter-jurisdictional Regulatory Collaboration Committee, Canberra, Australia, (summary report, conference papers and presentations available at www.IRCCbuildingregulations.org). Meacham, Brian J. (2010). Performance-Based Building Regulatory Systems Principles and Experiences. A Report of the Inter-jurisdictional Regulatory Collaboration Committee. IRCC Sudit, E. Fred. (1979). Automatic Rate Adjustments Based on Total Factor Productivity Performance in Public Utility Regulation, in Problems in Public Utility Economics and Regulation. Michael A. Crew ed., Lexington Books. The Regulatory Assistance Project, Performance-Based Regulation for Distribution Utilities, December 2000.

Transvestic Fetishism :: science

Transvestic Fetishism Introduction Someone you know-any male close to you-could be having a secret "affair" behind closed doors and you may not even be aware of it. Not to worry, it may not involve another woman. This man may be having an affair with female clothing. If so, it is safe to say that this man is suffering from a transvestic fetish. What is a transvestic fetish? Transvestic Fetishism is a psychosexual disorder found mostly in men. To better understand this disorder, we must first look at the definition. Transvestism is defined as dressing in the clothing of the opposite sex to achieve sexual arousal, excitement, and gratification. Fetishism is the reliance on nonhuman objects as the preferred or exclusive method of achieving sexual excitement. The major symptom of fetishism is the use of nonliving objects to obtain sexual arousal. The most common fetish objects are articles of women's clothing such as bras, underpants, stockings, shoes and boots. The individual will often masturbate while fondling, kissing, or smelling the fetish object. In other cases, the individual's sexual partner will wear the object during sexual encounters, thereby providing an arousing stimulus that enables the fetishist to participate in otherwise normal sexual behavior. Thus, men suffering from transvestic fetishism gain sexual pleasure from dressing in women's clo thing, a behavior defined as cross-dressing. Cross-dressing can range from wearing only one article of women's clothing while alone to dressing completely in women's clothing and appearing that way in public. In some cases, the cross-dressing is so effective that it is difficult to distinguish a cross-dressed transvestite from a woman. However, the person's goal is not to "pass" but to achieve arousal. Cross-dressing seems to be exclusively male behavior, and there is really no explanation for it. There is no evidence of any hormonal or genetic abnormality. One explanation is that childhood experience with cross-dressing may have been associated with sexual play and arousal. One sample of transvestites found that 78 percent were either married or formerly married, and marital friction is one of the main reasons that transvestites seek therapy. A man with a transvestic fetish will often masturbate while dressed in women's clothes and will fantasize about other men being attracted to him while he is dressed in those clothes. In a very limited number of cases, homosexuals may cross-dress to attract other men, but the homosexuals do not gain sexual pleasure from the cross-dressing and are therefore not diagnosed as having a transvestic fetishism. Transvestic Fetishism :: science Transvestic Fetishism Introduction Someone you know-any male close to you-could be having a secret "affair" behind closed doors and you may not even be aware of it. Not to worry, it may not involve another woman. This man may be having an affair with female clothing. If so, it is safe to say that this man is suffering from a transvestic fetish. What is a transvestic fetish? Transvestic Fetishism is a psychosexual disorder found mostly in men. To better understand this disorder, we must first look at the definition. Transvestism is defined as dressing in the clothing of the opposite sex to achieve sexual arousal, excitement, and gratification. Fetishism is the reliance on nonhuman objects as the preferred or exclusive method of achieving sexual excitement. The major symptom of fetishism is the use of nonliving objects to obtain sexual arousal. The most common fetish objects are articles of women's clothing such as bras, underpants, stockings, shoes and boots. The individual will often masturbate while fondling, kissing, or smelling the fetish object. In other cases, the individual's sexual partner will wear the object during sexual encounters, thereby providing an arousing stimulus that enables the fetishist to participate in otherwise normal sexual behavior. Thus, men suffering from transvestic fetishism gain sexual pleasure from dressing in women's clo thing, a behavior defined as cross-dressing. Cross-dressing can range from wearing only one article of women's clothing while alone to dressing completely in women's clothing and appearing that way in public. In some cases, the cross-dressing is so effective that it is difficult to distinguish a cross-dressed transvestite from a woman. However, the person's goal is not to "pass" but to achieve arousal. Cross-dressing seems to be exclusively male behavior, and there is really no explanation for it. There is no evidence of any hormonal or genetic abnormality. One explanation is that childhood experience with cross-dressing may have been associated with sexual play and arousal. One sample of transvestites found that 78 percent were either married or formerly married, and marital friction is one of the main reasons that transvestites seek therapy. A man with a transvestic fetish will often masturbate while dressed in women's clothes and will fantasize about other men being attracted to him while he is dressed in those clothes. In a very limited number of cases, homosexuals may cross-dress to attract other men, but the homosexuals do not gain sexual pleasure from the cross-dressing and are therefore not diagnosed as having a transvestic fetishism.

Adn vs Bsn

ADN vs BSN Grand Canyon University: NRS 430V October 18, 2012 Over the course of time, many different types and levels of degrees have developed in the field of nursing. Today, many individuals are in an internal conflict of having either their ADN or BSN, the two most common degrees in the field. According to a sample survey, 50. 0% of the nursing workforce currently hold a BSN and 36. 1% have obtained an ADN (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2012). An ADN is an Associates degree in Nursing, whereas a BSN is a Baccalaureate in Nursing.The issue of the conflict arises from the confusion of what the actual benefit and difference the BSN would make in the work field due to the current good mixture of nurses with both degrees who work in the same areas doing the same work. Other than a slight pay difference, there are many benefits that individuals don’t realize there are in having a BSN. The first baccalaureate degree was developed in the United States at the Univers ity of Minnesota in 1909. Today, most BSN programs take about 4 years to complete.These programs prepare students to practice in the beginning levels of leadership. They prepare students by including the components of quality and patient safety, evidence-based practice, liberal education, information management, communication/collaboration, clinical prevention, public health and other professional values in the course. In today’s world, the demands placed on nursing in the emerging health care system are likely to require a greater proportion of RNs who are prepared beyond the associate degree or diploma level (Creasia & Friberg, 2011).Research has shown a few major, very important differences in the work force of those with BSN’s opposed to those of ADN’s. Those differences, although all ADN/BSN nursing programs have the same passing rate for the NCLEX-RN licensing examination, show that those nurses whom have a higher education are linked to a decrease in medi cation errors, lower mortality rates, and better quality patient care. The NCLEX tests for those minimum basic skills and knowledge needed to have a safe entry into the nursing practice.The test does not test those abilities learned in the baccalaureate program (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2012). These extra skills include, but are not limited to: critical thinking, health promotion, management, and flexibility to work in both in and outpatient areas (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2012). Those extra skills are being shown to be essential for the future demands that will come in the changing health care system and the new, increasing needs of the patient population.Many hospitals today are becoming what are called Magnet hospitals. These hospitals are those that are requiring all nurses who are in leadership/management positions to have a baccalaureate or diploma degree by 2013, and have an 80% baccalaureate prepared RN personnel by 2020 (American Asso ciation of Colleges of Nursing, 2012). As an example of a patient care situation involving a nurse handling an issue involving a patient, comparing a nurse prepared at the BSN level as opposed to the ADN level, the BSN RN would better handle the situation.Of the many nurse/patient scenarios that this concept could apply to, one that would be more commonly seen would be being a team leader in a code. The nurse that holds the ADN level of education does not have the same amount of education as the nurse holding the BSN level does, that extra education being specifically linked to leadership, critical thinking, professionalism and evidence-based practice research. The nurse with the BSN would be able to more efficiently recognize early signs and symptoms, direct a team during a code, know which action to take at which time, and handle speaking with family.The decision-making process of the nurse with the BSN would be made quicker and be made with more experience behind the issue or que stion. In conclusion, the act of nursing revolves around the focus of health. That level of act with the higher education is becoming more and more needed as healthcare progresses. The baccalaureate of nursing provides that higher level of act, including the roles of critical thinking, professionalism, ethics, teaching, and accountability.With the continued research, more and more studies are proving every day how a nurse with a BSN compared to one with an ADN can decrease mortality rates and failure-to-rescue cases. With the development of the Magnet hospitals, the movement is being made to help those numbers continue to progress in a positive direction. The education of nursing is theory driven, those theories being obtained from science, religion, ethics, humanities and evidence-based practice. (Grand Canyon University, 2011) References American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2012).Fact sheet: creating a more highly qualified nursing workforce. Retrieved from http://www. aa cn. nche. edu/media-relations/ NursingWorkforce. pdf American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2012). The impact of education on nursing practice. Retrieved from http://www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-education Creasia, Joan L. , & Friberg, Elizabeth E. (2011). Conceptual foundations: the bridge to professional nursing practice (5th ed. ). St. Louis, MS: Mosby, Inc. Grand Canyon University. (2011). Grand Canyon University College of Nursing Philosophy. 1-2. ———————– 2 2 Adn vs Bsn ADN vs BSN Grand Canyon University: NRS 430V October 18, 2012 Over the course of time, many different types and levels of degrees have developed in the field of nursing. Today, many individuals are in an internal conflict of having either their ADN or BSN, the two most common degrees in the field. According to a sample survey, 50. 0% of the nursing workforce currently hold a BSN and 36. 1% have obtained an ADN (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2012). An ADN is an Associates degree in Nursing, whereas a BSN is a Baccalaureate in Nursing.The issue of the conflict arises from the confusion of what the actual benefit and difference the BSN would make in the work field due to the current good mixture of nurses with both degrees who work in the same areas doing the same work. Other than a slight pay difference, there are many benefits that individuals don’t realize there are in having a BSN. The first baccalaureate degree was developed in the United States at the Univers ity of Minnesota in 1909. Today, most BSN programs take about 4 years to complete.These programs prepare students to practice in the beginning levels of leadership. They prepare students by including the components of quality and patient safety, evidence-based practice, liberal education, information management, communication/collaboration, clinical prevention, public health and other professional values in the course. In today’s world, the demands placed on nursing in the emerging health care system are likely to require a greater proportion of RNs who are prepared beyond the associate degree or diploma level (Creasia & Friberg, 2011).Research has shown a few major, very important differences in the work force of those with BSN’s opposed to those of ADN’s. Those differences, although all ADN/BSN nursing programs have the same passing rate for the NCLEX-RN licensing examination, show that those nurses whom have a higher education are linked to a decrease in medi cation errors, lower mortality rates, and better quality patient care. The NCLEX tests for those minimum basic skills and knowledge needed to have a safe entry into the nursing practice.The test does not test those abilities learned in the baccalaureate program (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2012). These extra skills include, but are not limited to: critical thinking, health promotion, management, and flexibility to work in both in and outpatient areas (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2012). Those extra skills are being shown to be essential for the future demands that will come in the changing health care system and the new, increasing needs of the patient population.Many hospitals today are becoming what are called Magnet hospitals. These hospitals are those that are requiring all nurses who are in leadership/management positions to have a baccalaureate or diploma degree by 2013, and have an 80% baccalaureate prepared RN personnel by 2020 (American Asso ciation of Colleges of Nursing, 2012). As an example of a patient care situation involving a nurse handling an issue involving a patient, comparing a nurse prepared at the BSN level as opposed to the ADN level, the BSN RN would better handle the situation.Of the many nurse/patient scenarios that this concept could apply to, one that would be more commonly seen would be being a team leader in a code. The nurse that holds the ADN level of education does not have the same amount of education as the nurse holding the BSN level does, that extra education being specifically linked to leadership, critical thinking, professionalism and evidence-based practice research. The nurse with the BSN would be able to more efficiently recognize early signs and symptoms, direct a team during a code, know which action to take at which time, and handle speaking with family.The decision-making process of the nurse with the BSN would be made quicker and be made with more experience behind the issue or que stion. In conclusion, the act of nursing revolves around the focus of health. That level of act with the higher education is becoming more and more needed as healthcare progresses. The baccalaureate of nursing provides that higher level of act, including the roles of critical thinking, professionalism, ethics, teaching, and accountability.With the continued research, more and more studies are proving every day how a nurse with a BSN compared to one with an ADN can decrease mortality rates and failure-to-rescue cases. With the development of the Magnet hospitals, the movement is being made to help those numbers continue to progress in a positive direction. The education of nursing is theory driven, those theories being obtained from science, religion, ethics, humanities and evidence-based practice. (Grand Canyon University, 2011) References American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2012).Fact sheet: creating a more highly qualified nursing workforce. Retrieved from http://www. aa cn. nche. edu/media-relations/ NursingWorkforce. pdf American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2012). The impact of education on nursing practice. Retrieved from http://www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-education Creasia, Joan L. , & Friberg, Elizabeth E. (2011). Conceptual foundations: the bridge to professional nursing practice (5th ed. ). St. Louis, MS: Mosby, Inc. Grand Canyon University. (2011). Grand Canyon University College of Nursing Philosophy. 1-2. ———————– 2 2

Apush Slavery Dbq

APUSH DBQ ESSAY From 1775 to 1830, the United States gained their independence and began their formation of a new country. During this period, the ideas of the Revolutionary War had an influence on the African Americans. A number of African Americans were freed but the institution of slavery spread due to social and economic reasons. Both the free African Americans and enslaved confronted and endure the challenges they faced as they fought for rights and equality. The Revolutionary War was a major factor in the development of slavery during that period of time.During the early months of the war, the Lord Dunmore's Proclamation was written which declared all slaves free if they took up arms against the American colonists. (Doc A) The British took advantage of the slaves' desire for freedom to disrupt the American's war efforts. Antislavery sentiments were circulating in the North due to the ideas of the war. However, in the South, the whites believed that they deserved to own the slav es and that it would secure the freedom that they were fighting for. After the Americans won the war, slavery was abolished in the North and further importation of slaves was prohibited.However, slavery was still ongoing in the southern and border states. Manumission, the act of freeing slaves, was soon occurring in the 1790's because people started to feel that slavery was bad because it went against the ideals of the Revolutionary War. Venture Smith's Narrative was an example of manumission as the slave paid for his freedom. (Doc F) This was a common act as many slaves were freed as such during the 1790's. The Revolutionary War and the ideals revolving around it contributed to the increased number of free African Americans. Related article: Apush Taxation Without Representation DbqHowever, even as more and more slaves were being freed, the institution of slavery was expanding too. The southern areas of the United States had an increasing number of slaves from 1790 to 1830. In 1790, only the southern states along the east coast and an area around the Ohio River had an overwhelming percent of slaves. This increased as in 1830, almost all the southern states up to the Mississippi River had a large group of slaves. (Doc C) A reason for such an increase in slaves was due to the invention of the cotton gin. This led to a revival in slavery due to the increase amount of cotton farms to accommodate the demands from England.Cotton ruined the farmland and this led to expansion west as the soil exhausted which explains the increasing trend of slaves in the southern states. During the same period, both free African Americans and enslaved ones faced challenges as they tried to gain rights and freedom. Free African A mericans felt they had the right to vote and â€Å"no taxation without representation†. They felt that since they fought along with the colonists in the Revolutionary War for the same ideals then they should have the rights to it instead of it being imposed on them now. Doc B) Even though some African Americans were freed, they were not spared from discrimination and abuse. Free African Americans in Boston had to bear with daily insults and physical abuse on the streets. Images of African American’s deformity were also common placed in areas of cities and towns. (Doc I) David Walker was an abolitionist who called for blacks to take up arms and fight back against the whites. Walker believed that the blacks should be just as free as Americans and it will just end up hurting the Americans if the blacks have to obtain their freedom by fighting. Doc J) There have been frequent slave rebellions in hope of obtaining freedom. The Haitian Revolution led to an increase in slave revolts as slaves gain hope after seeing the successful revolution in Haiti. Both the freed and enslaved African Americans faced their challenges by enduring and taking up arms against the whites. Overall, the Revolutionary War and its ideals led to the manumission of many slaves. The cotton gin was a major factor of the revival of slavery in the south. Both the freed and enslaved African Americans fought for their equality and rights. Due to these changes, the African American's role in society is reconsidered.