Analysis Of External Macro Environment Tourism Essays

Analysis Of External Macro Environment Tourism Essays Analysis Of External Macro Environment Tourism Essay Analysis Of External Macro Environment Tourism Essay Kotler identify that in order to fulfill peoples demands and wants, merchandises and services are exchanged in reciprocally honoring minutess, by and large but non entirely, utilizing the pecuniary system. Furthermore, Marketing is to happen out the client demands and wants and fulfill them. Pearl-continental hotels and resorts frequently abbreviated as Personal computer. It is a prima hotel concatenation in Pakistan. It is located in Karachi, Rawalpindi, gwadar, Lahore, Peshawar, Faisalabad, Bur prohibition, A ; Muzafarabad. At the get downing pearl-continental was built in Karachi in 1964 and so in 1967-68 in Lahore. All of these hotels are in tourer topographic points. When tourer enters into the state they want to see beautiful and historic topographic points of in the state. So for that ground the Pearl-Continental direction make their subdivisions near these topographic points as like one is in Bur prohibition. It is located in the Murree part which is a hilly country with bea utiful landscape where tonss of tourer, local and VIP S semen over at that place. The hotel in Karachi is a member of a prima hotel in all over the universe. These hotels are operated and own by Hasoo group, which is an Ismailia concern house in Pakistan. They besides own the Clove Creek hotel in DUBAI, Pearl-Continental hotel flat and hotel one, which is a concatenation of low cost hotel in Lahore, Islamabad, Multan, Bahawalpur and Murree. Currently, they are doing Pearl-Continental tower which is a hotel enlargement undertaking of an bing pearl-continental hotel in Lahore. The proprietors and operators of Pearl-Continental hotels and resort every bit good as conceive the undertaking by Pakistan services ltd. The tower was proposed to be 168m ( 550ft ) and have 42 floors and will be around us $ 80million. 1.1 Description of Pearl-continental: The chief aim of the Pearl-Continental is to be the leader in Hotel industry and to supply excellence service to the client which is built upon the heritage of traditional cordial reception. As I mention Personal computer provide one of the excellence services to their clients. Pear-Continental provides Luxury hotels in Pakistan which have, Swimming pools, Golf class, play evidences, Etc. The staff of Pearl-Continental is good trained and good educated and besides know the regulations of cordial reception so they serve their client in a well mode manner. aˆ? To acquire maximal growing from hotel industry. aˆ? To maintain maintain and add to its individuality aˆ? To supply and keep excellence service base upon heritage of traditional cordial reception aˆ? Provide criterion service which full fill the outlook at international degree. aˆ? Lunch new services and seek to maintain the cost lower limit. aˆ? Provide all the installations to the clients. Figure 1: Goals and objective of Pearl-continental ( Field work ) 2.0 Stakeholder Analysis Figure 2: Stakeholder Analysis, Freeman ( 1984 ) . The traditional definition of a stakeholder is any group or person who can impact or is affected by the accomplishment of the organisation s aims ( Freeman 1984 ) . The general thought of the Stakeholder construct is a redefinition of the organisation. In general the construct is about what the organisation should be and how it should be conceptualized. Friedman ( 2006 ) states that the organisation itself should be thought of, as grouping of stakeholders and the intent of the organisation should be to pull off their involvements, demands and point of views. This stakeholder direction is thought to be fulfilled by the directors of a house. The directors should on the one manus pull off the corporation for the benefit of its stakeholders in order to guarantee their rights and the engagement in decision-making and on the other manus the direction must move as the shareholder s agent to guarantee the endurance of the house to safeguard the long-run bets of each group. Main stakeholders of pearl Continental hotels and their involvement are, 1 ) Board of managers: board of managers are the one of the chief stakeholder of the Pearl-continental. Because they are straight involves in the Pearl-continental determination devising in the new launching undertakings. And in board of managers of Pearl-continental has their proprietor every bit good such as Sadruddin haswani. The chief involvement of the board of manager is to increase the net income. They keep client in head which is external stakeholder. They think that who to crush the rival. 2 ) Government: authorities is a stakeholder every bit good because they take portion in the Pearl-continental determination. Here I can give you an illustration from which you can understand the function of authorities. If Pearl-continental tiffin that we will function you alcohol in every dinner and they advertise it all over in state so the authorities will take action because it is a Moslem state and its illegal to imbibe or sell intoxicant. In another words if they want to get down a undertaking they must take program and permission from authorities otherwise they can non make it. 3 ) Customers: The Pearl-continental chief stakeholder is their clients. If they are non satisfied so their concern will halt. They must maintain client in head they knows the client pick. And the client have a large involvement in Pearl-continental cause it is a luxury hotel they enjoy their service. Pearl-continental besides knows the client demands and wants so some clip they provide assorted offer for their client. Such as free breakfast for two, free dinner for childs etc. 3.0 PESTEL analysis of external Macro Environment. Figure 3: PESTEL analysis of Pearl-continental ( Field work ) 3.1 Introduction: A concern house is an unfastened system. It gets resources from the environment and supplies its goods and services to the environment. There are different degrees of environmental forces. Some are close and internal forces whereas others are external forces. External forces may be related to national degree, regional degree or international degree. These environmental forces provide chances or menaces to the concern community. Every concern organisation attempts to hold on the available chances and face the menaces that emerge from the concern environment. The term concern typically refers to the development and processing of economic values in society. Normally, the term is applied to part of economic activities whose primary intent is to supply goods and services for society in an effectual mode. It is besides applied to economic sciences and commercial activities of establishments which holding other intents. Persons to bring forth goods and services to sell these goods and services in a market topographic point and to harvest some wages for this attempt may specify concern. Functionally, we may specify concern as those human activities, which involves production or purchase of goods with the object of selling them at a net income border . Business organisations can non alter the external environment but they merely react. They change their internal concern constituents ( internal environment ) to hold on the external chances and face the external environmental menaces. It is, hence, really of import to analyze concern environment to last and to acquire success for a concern in its industry. It is, hence, a critical function of directors to analyze concern environment so that they could prosecute effectual concern scheme. A concern house gets human resources, capital, engineering, information, energy, and natural stuffs from society. It follows authorities regulations and ordinances, societal norms and cultural values, regional pact and planetary alliance, economic regulations and revenue enhancement policies of the authorities. Therefore, a concern organisation is a dynamic entity because it operates in a dynamic concern environment. PESTEL analysis is really of import for Pearl-Continental hotels and resorts because the state of affairs is really tense in PAKISTAN. 3.2 Political: There is political instability in Pakistan which consequence the determination doing procedure of the Pearl-Continental. The authorities policies are altering twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours such as monetary values of assorted things/products than its difficult for Pear-Continental to supply same merchandise for their client in low monetary value. The authorities is non helpful in support of the concern. The policies make by the authorities is non in the benefit if the Pearl-Continental because everything is gone up and besides make job for the tourer and locals every bit good. There are ever work stoppages against the authorities policies which have a large impact in Pearl-continental concern. aˆ? Road and rail system aˆ? Political instability aˆ? Lack of good administration aˆ? Health and safety 3.3 Economic: In Pakistan the economic system is traveling down because of unstable authorities and corruptness in every field. The rising prices is traveling high now-a-days so due to which the exchange rates are traveling up besides the involvement rate is high as good amp ; it is really difficult to borrow money for new undertakings and besides the touristry industry is traveling down because of disbursals, terrorist activities, insecure environment so there is low concern now-a-days. Besides there are tonss of revenue enhancements which is additions twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. It is really difficult for the Pear-Continental to better its concern in this state of affairs. Higher currency makes export hard. aˆ? High rising prices aˆ? Exchange rates high aˆ? Interest rates high aˆ? Economic growing depression aˆ? Taxes alterations high/changes 3.4 Social: Pakistan is a development and ISLAMIC state. So Pearl-Continental must look for the environing society. They can non sell or publicize Alcohol because it is banned and improper in Muslim states. In the Pearl-Continental society there is old, immature A ; kids. They must maintain everyone in head such as for immature they already make playing countries for immature they make swimming pool, football, golf class ETC aˆ? Can non sale intoxicant aˆ? T.V advertizement but in full fabrics aˆ? Target everyone in the society 3.5 Technological: In Pakistan there is deficit of electricity because of over population. So the Pearl-Continental demands to convey heavy generators which provide electricity to the whole hotel and fulfill the client. Needs to convey WIFI to their hotels so that clients use cyberspace anyplace in the hotel. Technology can cut down costs, and better quality. Pear-Continental could nt make chancing because it is against the jurisprudence of the state. They needs to set new level screen T.V in each and every room. They need to present a film hall in every hotel for the clients. They already have a web site but they need to better it so that client can do their reserve rapidly. aˆ? No gaming aˆ? New level screen T.V aˆ? WIFI aˆ? Upgrade web site aˆ? Introduced solar energy 3.6 Environmental: Pearl-Continental must used environment friendly merchandises such as recycle plastic bags. Besides make consciousness in their client to be environmental friendly. They need to purchase new recycling machines which recycle the waste of kitchen and lavatories. Changes in temperature cause a large consequence on touristry and agriculture. As like in summer people travel to cold topographic point but in winter they are at place. Tourism industry cause major impact on environment because people use autos, plane and ship ETC to go which polluted the environment. aˆ? Extra revenue enhancement on air travel by authorities aˆ? Introduce new workss for recycling aˆ? Change in clime aˆ? Used reclaimable merchandises 3.7 Legal: Pearl-Continental must make at that place each and every merchandise should be legal. Means they can non publicize or sale the intoxicant. They are non supposed to make chancing in their hotel. There is military operation traveling on against terrorist groups. In response these groups target such type of VIP hotels. Health and safety statute law is altering every twenty-four hours because of unstable authorities. New employment Torahs are presenting in the state. There is jurisprudence for competition so those little hotels are besides secure from large hotel like Pear-Continental. aˆ? Law and order state of affairs aˆ? Employment jurisprudence aˆ? Competition jurisprudence aˆ? Consumer jurisprudence aˆ? Health and safety aˆ? Gambling aˆ? Banned on alcoholic stuffs 4.0 Main selling issues Marketing issues: Figure-4: Chief selling issues of pearl-continental ( Field work ) There is batch of issues/problems which every organisation confronting now-a-days. I will explicate the issues/problems with the Pearl-Continental. aˆ? Monetary value: Monetary value is a major issue in marketing issues in pearl-continental is that the monetary value of everything is additions twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours so its really difficult for them to engage employees or labor on high rates. They can non get down major undertaking because of expensive labor and expensive stuffs. The monetary value of the trade goods is increasing twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours every bit good. aˆ? Political: In Pakistan the authorities is unstable. And every authorities make alterations to the Torahs such as employment Torahs, monetary value altering twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours. The state is gone expensive because of rising prices. Labour is expensive so it is really difficult for Personal computer to make building and run new undertakings. The authorities can non supply safety to the state either due to which the touristry concern is traveling down and Personal computer is losing client. aˆ? Terrorism: Terrorism is all over the universe now-a-days. But the most they affect Pakistan. Due to terrorism the Pear-Continental is unsecure and in 2009 there was a terrorist onslaught in Peshawar on an American deputation after that the Pear-Continental direction wage an excess money to do modern barriers, cheque points, dog units and excess security staff. aˆ? Environment: There is tonss of pollution in Pakistan. But the authorities is now taking action on environmental pollution. Due to which now Pearl-Continental direction needs to purchase new machinery for recycling now they needs to travel for green selling which will be a large attempt in salvaging the environment. They must do a new thing which is will should be reclaimable. aˆ? Well trained staff: Pearl-Continental got rivals. So they ever spend a batch on staff preparation. Which addition in the disbursals? They want that their staff provide proper service to the client. aˆ? Modern Technology: Pc direction needs new generators/solar system to bring forth electricity for their regular demand because there is electric short autumn in Pakistan. They need to convey WIFI so that client used their cyberspace in every corner of the hotel, new engineering visible radiations. Put cameras in every topographic point of the hotel so that they prevent and leery activities 5.0 MARKET Cleavage: Figure5: Market cleavage ( Field-work ) The procedure of spliting a big market into smaller sections harmonizing to customer/consumer demands and wants . These marketing sections can be aiming by utilizing selling mix. Market cleavage divides the distinguishable group of purchasers with different demands and wants. In market cleavage every person has different demand for each thing. Pearl Continental does non aim one large market for its hotel. Everyone can come here, but the direction of the hotel knows really good that demand and wants is different of every client. Some people came here for concern intents ( set up meeting ) and they are their regular clients every bit good, some is tourers, some people come here for passing their leisure clip with friends and household while some people came here to go to maps. So it means there is different classs of client who visit the hotel with different demands and wants. Due to this ground the hotel direction split its mark market into different sections. aˆ? Geographic aˆ? Demographic aˆ? Psychographic aˆ? Behavioural 5.1 GEOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION Geo in writing cleavage means that when we divide our market harmonizing to geographics such identify parts, metropoliss, communities, provinces, one or more states. Pearl Continental Divide its market harmonizing to geographic cleavage. Pearl Continental has different subdivisions in different metropoliss of the state which provide different sort of service harmonizing to its geographic cleavage. 5.2 DEMOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION Demographic cleavage means to split the market into assorted groups based gender, age, household life rhythm, household size, business, instruction, income, race, nationality and race. Demographic factors are popular bases for sectioning mark market. The ground is that wants and demands are different harmonizing to demographic factors. For every demographic variable service is different in Pearl Continental. In this hotel, you can acquire the service harmonizing to sex, race, age, matrimonial status/religion etc. Peoples belong to different age group. Similarly all other factors are besides really of import. 5.3 PSYCHOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION Psychographic cleavage means to split clients on the base of life styles, societal category, sentiments, activities, personality and beliefs. Some Peopless are might be in the same demographic group but with the different Psychographic group. In Pearl Continental Psychographic cleavage is really of import. Social category is one of the basic features of Psychographic cleavage. In pearl continental largely services belong to societal category. For illustration this hotel offers The Golf Course Facility, Provided for concern people. This installation is largely used by concern category. Hotel besides provides different installations harmonizing to life style. Such as Dumpukht Dish in the Royal Mogul manner. So people with life style can acquire advantage of this service. 5.4 BEHAVIORAL ISSUES Behavioral cleavage includes merchandise / service consumer demands, use, and monetary value sensitiveness and trade name trueness. The above behavioral factors are used by Pearl Continental. Most of the client is sensitive and loyal to their hotel. So for that ground we discuss above every bit good that pearl Continental divide its mark market into different cleavage which is demographic, psychographic and behavioral cleavage. 6.0 Pricing schemes: Figure 6: Pearl-continental pricing schemes ( Field-work ) Price scheme is used by the companies in order to avoid loss and addition clients. Price scheme means to put monetary value of the bing product/new merchandise in new market/existing market. Pearl Continental usage different sort of monetary value schemes here I will discourse some of them. aˆ? Geographical pricing: In geographical pricing the company make up ones mind to put monetary value harmonizing to geographic location. Pearl continental besides used this scheme like in some topographic points the monetary value of the room is low and in some topographic points the monetary value of the room is high. Which in metropoliss the monetary value is low so that gain the client and crush the rivals. And on the other manus pearl continental in Bur bund charge higher monetary value because it is a tourer topographic point and tonss of VIP s visited at that place so this type of people they merely concerned about the service they usually do nt care about money. aˆ? Price price reductions and allowances: Pearl continental used price reduction policy non merely this hotel every hotel/organization used price reduction policy. Discount policy can be unsafe for pearl Continental unless carefully controlled and used as portion of overall selling. Like if you stay for four dark so we will give you breakfast and meal for free and besides will make price reduction in the monetary value of utilizing swimming pool and golf class. aˆ? Promotional pricing: Pearl continental used promotional pricing scheme to increase their gross revenues and convey more clients to the hotel. They provide inexpensive suites on large events such as EID, Christmas, Diwali etc they reduced the monetary values of the nutrient and drinks every bit good. And besides show the set monetary values in their publicity either by measure board, T.V, wireless etc. aˆ? Discriminatory pricing: Pearl continental sell its merchandise and services at two or more monetary values. Like on first of all they charge client harmonizing to their demand and desire. And on the other manus pearl Continental charge less for the same service or merchandise but if he or she wants to purchase in big measure. For illustration if a concern adult male want a room which is usually on ?200 and there is less suites left in the hotel so they might may bear down the client ?230 on the other manus if a client privation to lease two suites so they might may bear down ?410 which is cheaper than the individual room. Pearl continental used pricing scheme to derive net income and derive more clients. Because they are good cognizant of the environing environment. 7.0 Promotion mix: Pearl-continental promotes its hotels and resorts concatenation all over in the state. For publicity they use the publicity mix tools so that everyone knows them in the market. aˆ? Ad: Pearl Continental do advertisement to advance their merchandises and services which they provide. They do advertisement through T.V, Radio, Bill boards, Brochures, Print ads, catalogue, in hotel show, direct electronic mail and postings. Like they send direct electronic mail to the clients who are already register with them. aˆ? Personal merchandising: Pearl continental besides do personal merchandising means they go and visit different people face-to-face or they call them. In personal merchandising the gross revenues adult male might reply the inquiry about the hotel. And he must convert the individual to go his client. It is besides a sort of unwritten presentation every bit good. It includes staff preparation, gross revenues representative, gross revenues meeting etc. the direction besides name client by telephone who are already register with them. aˆ? Gross saless publicity: Pearl Continental do gross revenues promotion it might be through media or non-media. Pearl Continental do gross revenues publicity for a limited clip period to better consumer demand and better the product/service handiness. For this ground they provide vouchers, they arrange concerts, trade shows and exhibitions etc. they besides do purchase one get one hot repast free ( BOGOF ) so that increase their gross revenues. aˆ? Direct selling: Pearl Continental do direct selling which means they send email heterosexual to the clients about their offers, they do nomadic messages, they send promotional letters, they distribute their hotel and resort catalogue, and they besides do on-line show ads. The pearl continental used the promotional mix schemes because they need to they need to capture the whole market. That is the ground they do tonss of publicity and give price reduction and allowance to the clients. Pearl continental has its subdivision in every metropolis of the state. 8.0 Extended selling mix of Pearl Continental hotel and resort: The Marketing Mix is the set of selling tools frequently summarised as the four Postscript: The Product, its Price, Promotion and Place, that the house uses to accomplish its aims in its mark market ( McCarthy, 2001 ) . In more recent times it is more normally called the 7 Ps the 4 Ps with the add-on of Peoples, Process and Physical Evidence ( Chartered Institute of Marketing, 2004 ) . Figure-7: 3 P s of selling mix Chartered Institute of Marketing ( 2004 ) Marketing mix contain entire 7p s in which Price, Place, Promotion and Product is old one and in new construct there is 3p s which is People, Process and Physical grounds. aˆ? Peoples: Peoples are the chief component in marketing mix without people you can non run your concern. Every person has a specific undertaking in the organisation. In Pearl-continental the staffs is good trained and extremely educated. They serve the clients in a good mannered manner. Their attitude, speaking, walking, client helping is perfect that s why they have tonss of clients. That s why they defeat their rivals. aˆ? Procedure: Procedure means that how can client acquire entree to the hotel. Pearl-continental if a client wants to come in foremost they need to go through the security, than they enter in the anteroom, than into the hotel this is a sort of procedure. If you order some nutrient in pearl-continental you can hold it within a minute you do nt necessitate to wait for long clip so there is some procedure which brings the nutrient more rapidly than the other hotel. aˆ? Physical grounds: In physical grounds Pearl-continental gives their images of the hotel room, garden and nutrient Etc in their web-site. Which client can utilize it as physical grounds? When you book a room in the Pearl-continental and when you enter in the room and the room is good clean, furnished, and have latest engineering so it is the physical grounds every bit good. 9.0 Distribution scheme: Pearl-continental distribution scheme is that they have subdivisions in every metropolis particularly in tourist musca volitanss such as Murree, Abbot Abad Etc. Pearl-continental has two type of distribution scheme one is direct and the other is indirect. Direct is that when client come by his/her ego and book room Etc. And the indirect is when client makes reserve by online, through jobber Etc. Pearl-continental besides did understanding with assorted travel agents in the state and outside of the state which conveying client to hotel and in return the hotel gives them committee. Pearl-continental did understandings in assorted air-lines companies as good. So when the Pilot and Air-hostess arrive in the state so the hotel receive them and convey them to the nearest hotel subdivision and in return they took money from the air hose company. Through these schemes pearl-continental make tonss of net income. 10.0 Main merchandises and services: The chief merchandise and services of the pearl Continental hotel is cordial reception in a traditional manner and provide quality service. Pearl-continental makes their net income from nutrient, drink points and suites these are the chief merchandises. Pearl continental has a really big scope of clients which includes VIP s tourer and locals. Pearl-continental marks the concern category the most. Pearl-continental provides quality service to their clients and besides good trained staff because they need to crush the rivals such as Holiday hostel, Marriot hotel, Tajj hotel and many more. They provide assorted installations to their clients. They facilitate the clients in assorted ways such as aˆ? Florist: For the poke of client the pearl-continental brand flower store in every subdivision of the hotel. Although it is a installation to the clients but they can do net income as good. aˆ? Medical room: Pearl-continental has physician in each subdivision so that in instance of any exigency to the clients or staff so that they can handle them ab initio. aˆ? Massage/Spa room: Most of the client like to take massage or to take watering places so for that pearl-continental makes watering place suites. Which non allocated in every subdivision it is merely in specific subdivisions such as in Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, and Peshawar. Spa/massage is a good beginning of income as good for them. Pearl-continental has tonss of more installations for clients every bit good. aˆ? Golf class aˆ? Swimming pool aˆ? Laundry services aˆ? Provide autos for rent aˆ? Pick and bead service aˆ? Barber store aˆ? Beauty barroom aˆ? Shopping ( rugs, old-timers ) aˆ? Bakery aˆ? Banking: Pearl-continental besides gives premises to Habib bank limited. Who work with in the hotel which takes attention of all banking issues of the clients. 11.0 Task=3 Stages of market research: The research method includes some phases through which we can make research. These phases depend on company/organization type so they choose the best which suits the company. Following phases of the pearl-continental hotels and resorts are explained below: aˆ? Identifying the job and demand: In the first measure the pearl-continental demands to place the job which presently organisation is confronting it and besides to indentify the client demands and wants. And for this ground they need to make probe in internal and external environment in order to screen out the job and besides the client demands and wants. Through external and internal analysis the pearl-continental can the job and every bit good as the client s demands and wants. aˆ? Deciding the research worker: When the pearl-continental identify the demand, want and job than It s of import for the hotel that who can make this research and what sort of attacks should be used to decide these issues. And in this procedure the research worker do some instance surveies in which he/she used the relevant information every bit good as secondary informations. aˆ? Deciding the methodological analysis: In this the research worker used assorted sorts of attacks such as study, interviews, secondary informations analysis etc. The research worker should utilize the appropriate methodological analysis which is relevant to the purpose and aim of the pearl-continental. Pearl-continental demands to follow specific ways/appropriate methodological analysis for look intoing the solution of the job. aˆ? Data aggregation procedure: When the research worker defines the job of the research, than the research worker developed the design of research. This design has a model of ordered actions through which the pearl-continental can accomplish their ends and aims. In this phase the research worker used the mixture technique ( e.g. interview or studies ) , trying methodological analysis etc. 1. Primary informations: Primary informations is such type of informations that is collected for the first clip and does nt be within the records. 2. Secondary informations: Secondary informations consist of attempts of old research workers. Primary information is dependable than secondary informations ( Saunders et al, 2009 ) . Primary informations can be collected by the aid of assorted tools such as interview, studies etc. The pearl-continental research workers do the study on order to roll up information from a big population. In the studies there is a sort of questionnaire in simple apprehensible linguistic communication. Than the research worker collect the study questionnaire for doing the concluding study. While the secondary information is collected from cyberspace, books, articles and diaries etc. That s why pearl-continental used the appropriate tool of informations aggregation. aˆ? Data analysis: In informations analysis the research worker analyse the information which is already collected and so the research worker start redacting it. Data analysis is really of import for the market research program. In this subdivision they edit, tabulate and record the collected informations in a proper manner. Data analysis is really of import for the pearl-continental so that they can accomplish the desirable consequence. The research worker who collects the information is might be in numeral or alphabetic signifi

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Write a response to the article Alone on a Hilltop - Essay Example What exactly hit me about this reading was the relationship between the boy and different symbols of his religion. I have learned a couple of things from this article. First, a person is nothing without a religion because it is the religion, which protects us and guides us to the right direction. Second, every religion has a different set of perspectives, rituals, and beliefs that inspire its followers. This article reminds me of the day of my first school exam when I was feeling really scared. It was totally a new feeling for me and I was feeling very confused. I did not know how the exam would go and what it would be like. At that time, I recalled what my mother had said to me to do if I feel scared during exams. She had told me to close my eyes right before the exams for some seconds, think that God is with you, and feel that you are in the arms of your mother. She said that by doing this all my fear would go away. I did exactly this on the day of exams and surprisingly all my fea r went away and I became ready to do my best in the paper. Summing it up, my personal experience and that of the boy in this article show that the relationship between a person and his/her beliefs and religion is strong enough to get the person out of every difficult

Career Paper ( Preschool Teacher) Essay Example for Free

Career Paper ( Preschool Teacher) Essay History Preschool is something very important for toddlers. Preschools were established in Europe around the late 1800s. They were later introduced to the United States in the 1920s. According to the Encyclopedia of careers and vocational guidance 9th edition preschools expanded rapidly in the united states during the 1960s. Job Description Preschool teachers usually instruct children usually until they reach the age of five. They conduct activities designed to develop social, physical, and intellectual skills needed for primary school. During an interview I was told many things on the subject. You need a lot of patience said Esther Rodriguez a preschool teacher. There are many tasks needed to be done. While researching I came across plenty of information on the internet, Echoices says that some typical tasks are planning individual and group activities, and monitor activities to prevent accidents and conflicts between children. Nature of Work Preschool teachers play a very important role in the development of children. In the Encyclopedia of careers and vocational guidance 9th edition states that a preschool teachers primary responsibility in the social development and health of each child. Preschool teachers design activities that build on the childrens native abilities and help them develop skills and characteristics that will help them grow. What children learn and experience during their early years can shape their views of themselves and the world. Preschool teachers introduce children to math, language arts, science, and social studies. These subjects are taught using games, music, artwork, films, books, computers, and other tools to teach basic skills. The majority of children need adjusting when they first go to preschool it being their first time away from home and their parents. Because young children look up to adults and learn through examples, its important that the teachers are good role models. Education, training, qualifications, and work experience Licensing requirements for preschool teachers vary by state. Some states require a bachelors degree in Early Childhood Education and others require certification by a nationally recognized authority. The child development associate (CDA) credential which is the most common type of certification. It requires a mix of classroom training and experience working with children. This comes along with an independent of an individuals competence. The Encyclopedia of careers and vocational guidance 11th edition shares some requirements. In high school you should take child development, home economics, and other classes that involve you with child care. It also says youll also need a fundamental understanding of the general subjects youll be introducing to preschool students, so take English, science, and math. Dont forget art, music, and drama for creative skills. Florida Earnings 2003 Statewide average annual earnings $20,405 Statewide average hourly earnings $9. 81 Statewide entry level annual earnings $14,560 Statewide entry level hourly earnings $7. 00 Statewide experienced level annual earnings $22,090 Statewide experienced level hourly earnings $10. 62 Miami Earnings 2003 Average annual earnings $23,150 /hourly $11. 13 Entry level annual earnings $14,435 / hourly $6. 94 Experienced level annual earnings $27,414/ hourly $13. 18.

Motivation And Vocabulary Learning

Motivation And Vocabulary Learning In current time the demand of learning English is rising tremendously due to lingua franca nature of this language in EFL context which refers to student who study English in non-English language society and ESL who study English in an environment that their mother tongue is English; therefore, so many attention has been given to this field because of economical and educational purposes. Back in the days, during methods era and especially in learning-centered methods the lack of explicit focus on grammar cause the vocabulary to gain an important role. They believe that vocabulary cause better comprehension and with this achievement there will be a language development (Kumaravadivelu, 2008). Although with death of method, this component of language is not dead yet, and it still has an important role in current classes with different styles of teaching. In Richards and Renandya (2002) the importance of this fact has been expressed as in the past , vocabulary teaching and learning were often given little priority in second language programs, but recently there has been a renewed interest in the nature of vocabulary and its role in learning and teaching (p.255). 1. a. the problems that students have in different tasks Many linguists define language as a sign system (Hudson, 2000), which consist of lexicon and grammar. According to Hudson, lexicon refers to mental dictionary. And we have different approaches on vocabulary learning that we will study them in detail on following sections. One of them is Lexical approach, in this approach the focus and emphasis is not on the grammar, syntax and structure but on the lexis or word and word combinations (Richards Rodgers, 2006). Most of these approaches and methods isolating words from the context and teach them explicitly as a single unit or compound (prefabricated) unit, but the problem will come up when the learner wants to use it; they can not place it appropriately in correct situations. For example the word reticent means quiet but the place and the context of using this word is not in the supermarket rather it is in the academic places such as university and college; an English learner will memorize this word and use it when she/he wants to talk to a native sales person or in imaginary role play activity with out awareness of authentic use of it that will cause low motivation. Because when the native speakers feel the lack of language competency they will avoid continuing the conversation. Other problems that can be find in the realm of vocabulary learning / teaching is the use of complicated words by the teacher in the classes which are not appropriate for the students in basic or intermediate levels. According to my own experience and observation, so many EFL classes experience this atmosphere which makes the learners anxious. One of the main reasons for that is the practice of teachers themselves, when a teacher with good general knowledge of English teaches an intermediate students for a year he /she will lose some of his knowledge according to lack of practice then they will bring that practice into their classes. The supervisor of that institute was happy and when the question has been asked about this problem he mentioned Krashens i + 1 hypothesis, but he didnt bring into consideration the level of 1 is not determined yet and how harmful it can be for learners. The mentioned problems make the learners overwhelmed and bewildered on how, when and where to use the words. Should they use the writing words (the words that are usually used in writing) in the speaking tasks or use the speaking words in the writing tasks? This will cause debilitative anxiety and low self-efficacy which refers to external factors. The word self-efficacy is defined in Williams and Burden (1997) as students beliefs about their capabilities to apply effectively the knowledge and skills they already possess and thereby learn new cognitive skill (p.129). When the learners are confused and can not recognize which word to select or when to use the special word, they will refer it to task difficulty (Williams Burden, 1997).This low self-efficacy will cause low motivation (which will be studied in detail in the Body of this paper), and when the learners are not motivated they give up practicing and they think that the task is hard but in reality the absence of practice which is due to low motivation caused that. And when this happen, it not only influence their vocabulary knowledge but also it plays a significant role on other four skills, because when the knowledge of vocabulary is low, the comprehension will be low so the pr oduction. Richards and Renandya (2002) express vocabulary is core component of language proficiency and provides much of the basis for how well learners speak, listen, read and write (p.255). Also in their book they mentioned with out the good knowledge of vocabulary and strategies for learning new vocabulary, learners can not progress in the way that their capabilities are and this will cause low motivation then they wont participate in learning opportunities around them such as listening to news, watching movies, listening to the native speaker and using the language in different context(Richards and Renandya ,2002). 1. b. passive and active vocabulary learning There are generally two types of vocabulary in mind, passive and active (Heaton, 1990). By passive vocabulary he refers to reading and listening words (comprehensive). Hunt and Beglar in the book of Richards Renandya (2002) classify it as incidental learning in the long run, most words in both first and second languages are probably learned incidentally, through extensive reading and listening (p.259). We may read so many articles, books, newspapers and texts included different classes of words but it is not possible to use those words in our speaking and writing (production). The emphasis is on speaking because during the utterance we have less time for processing the new words and the speaker tries to use safe words which have been proved before. The other group is active vocabulary. In this group we have writing and speaking words (productive) that refers to the word we use in our speaking and writing so the classification is listening: passive/spoken, reading: passive/written, speaking: active/spoken and writing: active/written(Heaton , 1990, P.51). It is worth mentioning that the amount of words that we comprehended is much larger than the words that we produced.in the research of Oxford Crookall (1990) declared that spoken vocabulary is often smaller than written vocabulary, which is in turn generally smaller than receptive vocabulary (p.23).from that statement they conclude that proficiency in speaking is more difficult for the student to achieve than writing and writing is harder than reading and listening ( Oxford Crookall, 1990). According to my own experience, one of my classes memorized and practiced the 504 essential words but they hardly used those words in their production. The ideal goal for the learners is shifting from passive knowledge of vocabulary to active knowledge of vocabulary and create an atmosphere for better fluency with the activated vocabulary .for the fluency Richards renandya (2002) suggest that fluency is partly depends on developing sight vocabulary through extensive reading and studying high-frequency vocabulary(p.262) and also they expressed that fluency is cyclic use of already known words so the students can produce an utterance without hesitation(Richards and renandya,2002). To achieve these goal different variables should be taken into consideration such as time, books, methods of teaching, students back ground knowledge and so on. Mentioned variables will effect the learners motivation. For example in that class if the time and duration had been extended the result would have been different. Students could use those words so they didnt think about the hardness of the task (external, task difficulty) and they could have higher self- efficacy and better motivation. And they could realize that vocabulary learning is a formidable and complex life-long task (Stahl Nagy, 2006). There is a mutual relationship between motivation and vocabulary learning so when the learners are motivated they will learn more vocabulary and when they learn more vocabulary they will be more motivated, like a cycle. 1. C. absence of enough review of related literature About the title of this paper there are only very few information, studies and review of related literature. the reason for that is scholars and researchers usually consider vocabulary as part of reading skill , Deng (2010) declare motivation for vocabulary learning is different from motivation for reading , so the motivation of vocabulary should be studied separately (p.4). 2. Body There are six categories in the dimensions of vocabulary learning: help-seeking, morphology, context, dictionary use, spelling and phonology (Deng, 2010). The help-seeking is very important in the process of vocabulary learning among EFL students. When the learners dont t know the meaning of the word they will ask for it from the other peer or authority such as teachers or parents (this will be analyzed in detail in the vocabulary learning strategies). Research on this field show that students usually use this strategy rather than checking dictionary because it is easier and to the point, but it has down side too, using dictionary is a skill and when they get use to it they are exposed to more vocabulary learning and authentic pronunciation. In Richards renandya (2002) the importance of dictionary is declared through bilingual dictionaries have been found to result in vocabulary learning (p.263); they also proposed the advantages of bilingual dictionaries over monolingual one. .help-seeking shows that the students are concern about their studies so they have facilitative anxiety. When they realize the meaning, they will be more motiva ted due to understanding the concept of the text. The second category for vocabulary learning is morphology. Hudson (2000) defines morphology as concern the classes of morphemes, and their occurrence in sentences and combination as words (p.8). We can study morphemes in two ways, based on meaning and based on the form with in two subparts, grammatical and lexical morphemes (Hudson, 2000). Study has shown that the student awareness on this division and the characteristic of each grammatical and lexical morpheme such as concreteness, frequency, open-set membership will help them to overcome the difficulty of the task .as an example, when the learners can distinguish between stem, root, suffix and prefix they not only will realize the meaning and function of that word but also they can use this technique to overcome some other hard and complicated task in the realm of vocabulary learning. In this situation learners become more self- actualized in result they will consider themselves as part of the process and they dont rely on external factors (luck, difficulty of the task) so they will have a higher motivation. Williams Burden (1997) declare that the greater the value that individuals attached to the accomplishment or involvement in an activity the more highly motivated they will be both to engage in it initially and later to put sustained effort into succeeding in the activity(p.125). In fact, many examinations have been taken in the morphology and motivation realm, Deng (2010) examined the motivation of morphological knowledge by measuring students motivation to notice and manipulate word parts that contribute to word meanings (p.11). The result of this study shows the significant relationship between motivation and morphological awareness. Another factor which causes lack of motivation is accessibility to morphemes in our lexicon. Lexicon is mental dictionary of the morphemes and signs (Hudson, 2000). Access to morpheme in our lexicon occurs by rhyme, initial sound, and synonym, rough opposite, semantic features, context of occurrence, part of speech and spelling( Hudson, 2000, p.74). Another way for Vocabulary learning is learning the word with in text itself. Contextualization occurs when the unknown meaning of the word is guessed by the reader according to other words and phrases. Contextual use refers to understanding word meanings by scrutinizing surrounding context, including preceding or succeeding phrases and sentences that provide syntactic and semantic cues (Deng, 2010, P.11), it is worth mentioning that this technique is more suitable for advanced learners because vocabulary learning includes learning collocations, associations, and related morphological as well as grammatical patterns ; considering all these elements for guessing the meaning is not possible for basic learners(Richards renandya, 2003). This is very useful technique for the learners to enhance their self-efficacy as well. When they realize that they do not need to know the meaning of all the words to overcome the test or task difficulty, they will see an open window of opportunity for l earning. On the other hand Kelly (1990) declared that unless the context is very constrained, which is relatively rare occurrence or unless there is a relationship with the known word identifiable on the basis of form and supported by context, there is little chance of guessing the correct meaning (p.203). We can learn and access the vocabulary in lexicon with phonology and phonological process. In phonological process the learner can keep the word in the mind by the sound of it and also can have an access to the lexicon by the same application. The Other type is spelling, Deng (2010) presents that spelling is specified as sub category of students motivation in vocabulary learning because spelling helps to learn new vocabulary (p.11). Spelling influences conceptualizations of vocabulary learning (Ehri Wilce, 1986). Through the spelling vocabulary l the image of the words can be established in the mind better than when the spelling is not known and this gives the learner stronger self -esteem. Richards Renandya (2002) express that language -focused instruction includes focusing on the pronunciation and spelling of words; deliberately learning the meaning of a word; memorizing collocations, phrases or sentences containing a word and being corrected for incorrect use of words(p.270). 2. a. types of motivation and vocabulary learning So far we realized that how motivation is related to the vocabulary learning. In this section, we consider types of motivation and the relationship with vocabulary learning. Motivation refers to goal-directed behavior (Masgoret and Gardner, 2003, p.128). It has been studied in different psychological schools of thought such as behaviorist view, cognitivist view and social constructivist view. In behaviorist point of view the concept of motivation is tied to rewards and external factors. Although the behaviorist point of view has been rejected but it can not be fully rejected; some times it plays an important role in vocabulary leaning. The external feedback that learners get will motivate them to continue the vocabulary learning tasks. Some scholars emphasis on the effect of feedback the effort students put into their work outside of class needs to be acknowledged with sufficient feedback to make them feel that the effort was worthwhile in moving them toward their goal (capturing and directing, 1997, p.4 ).so by giving them immediate feedback they will be more motivated in expansion of vocabulary learning. And, William and Burden (1997) declared that behavioral psychologist were the first to recognize the power of feedback as a motivating influence (p. 134). Other perspectives such as achievement motivation can be helpful in vocabulary learning. But it has two phases, one when the learner is highly motivated to accomplish the vocabulary task for external factors such as achieving the first place in the class or for their parents satisfaction. The second phase which is debilitative refers to the situations when the learner avoids participating in the task due to stressful nature of that activity. In result, we can see that the early psychologist approaches toward motivation is simple and deficient. Although there are not enough review of literature in the area of vocabulary learning and motivation but it can be studied in the Gardners integrative and instrumenta l orientation. Masgoret and Gardner (2003) Define integrative orientation as integration refers to an openness to identify, at least in part, with another language community (p.126). In integrative orientation the EFL learners want to be part of the English language community, and they want to integrate themselves with the English culture. This type of orientation is highly related to vocabulary learning. When learners want to be part of the community and they are highly motivated, they should speak or write in the manner that native speaker does. This will cause the learner to focus on expansion of vocabulary, besides using the words in appropriate place as mentioned on the introduction part of this paper. Also Masgoret and Gardener emphasis the adaption of word sounds, pronunciations, word orders, and other behavioral and cognitive features (Masgoret and Gardner, 2003). There are six variables included in the measure of integrative motivation which the main component, consists of attitude, interests and integrative orientation (William Burden, 1997). Attitudes toward the learning situation refer to the individuals reaction to anything associated with the immediate context in which the language is taught (Masgoret and Gardner, 2003, p.127).also Deng which is one of the main references of this paper, investigates motivation particularly attitude in vocabulary learning and defines it as evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor (Deng, 2010, p.8). Sometimes the students are not interested in the target language group but they can be open to all groups (Masgort and Gardner, 2003); in the case of interest, they make themselves involved in vocabulary learning and participate in different tasks which cause further learning. The other type is instrumental orientation; which has less effect on the vocabulary learning compare to integrative orientation. When the learners want to overcome the difficulty of the text, task or exam for achieving a passing mark, financial rewards, furthering a career or gaining promotion they usually have instrumental orientation (William Burden, 1997). This kind of motivation is applicable to vocabulary learning too. When the learners want to get passing mark on an English test they should study appropriate vocabulary for achieving that goal and it is only and only for that purpose. The other approaches toward motivation are cognitive and social constructivist. In cognitive psychologist approach, the most important part is the choice that learners have on their actions (William and Burden, 1997). And in the social constructivist perspectives , the motivation is because of social factors so when one person is motivated, he/she will continue to achieve the goal and the way they are satisfied is different from person to person( William Burden, 1997). There are other perspectives to motivation, intrinsic and extrinsic. In the researches on the vocabulary learning both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations play an important role. But intrinsic motivation which in William and Burden (1997) book has been defined as experience of doing something that generates interest and enjoyment, and the reason for performing the activity lies within the activity itself (p.123) is very important for the vocabulary learning. Because the learners are interested in the task or vocabular y learning, so they try more to get their goals, and they wont give up easily. 2. b. the complexity of words Some times the complexity of words may cause lack of motivation and because there is a mutual relationship between them, it may cause the student to give up the learning. According to Nagy and Scott there are five aspects of vocabulary complexity the first one is incremental- knowing which Deng (2010) defines it as knowing a word is not a matter of all- or- nothing, but incremental process based on small scales (p.9). So it means that the vocabulary knowledge is additive. The learner shouldnt be overwhelmed and unmotivated due to complex nature of vocabulary learning; when they see that they can add to their base knowledge. The second one is multidimensionality-word that consists of grammar, conceptual meaning and morphology which has been explained in the previous sections. Polysemy -words that Yule (1985) defines it as two or more words with the same form and related meanings (p.107). Also yule gives a good example of run that can relate to person or water. When the learner face t his complexity he/she can be bewildered, to avoid this ambiguity different strategies are needed that will be discussed in the following section. The other type is interrelatedness words that Deng explain it with the example of understanding the word bread which is related to understanding of other related words such as powder and wheat (Deng, 2010). And the last one is heterogeneity-word that refers to word class. For example some words are abstract like love and some words are concrete like chair, understanding these two level words are different and the abstract words may cause anxiety among EFL learner and especially between younger ages. Another perspective to words is the division of word knowledge to receptive and productive. Richards Renandya (2002) define the receptive knowledge as one of the aspects of knowledge through reading and listening, and productive knowledge means being able to use in speaking and writing (p.261). The concept of word knowledge is closely related to the passive and active vocabulary. Zhong in his research explain the concept of receptive-productive word as the mastery level of vocabulary knowledge reflected in the learners comprehension and production abilities (p.118) and also in the same paper he demonstrate progressive process of learning a word. The reason that I brought these parts of word and vocabulary learning in to this paper is that in conclusion part we will see there is a mutual relation between learning vocabulary and motivation. According to Zhong the first dimension is partial -precise dimension, it shows the knowledge moves from recognition to vague understanding of the meaning and later to the mastery of precise comprehension (p.118). The second is depth dimension which is the quality of knowing word and the last dimension is receptive and productive dimension. 2. c. vocabulary learning strategies In order to simplify the complexity of the word and vocabulary learning that has a significant role on student anxiety and motivation, some strategies are needed. When the learners are motivated they will seek some ways for better understanding of the text or making use of these strategies for longer retention of words. For this purpose in Richards and Renandya there is a great emphasis on these strategies for inferring words from context as well as those which can help learner retain the meaning (RichardsRenandya,2002). There are different categorizations for vocabulary learning strategies according to different researchers. Oxford Crookall divided the techniques for vocabulary learning in to four categories decontextualizing technique that extract the word from the context completely which help the learners remember how the word is used as a part of language; semi- contextualizing in this technique the new word is related to the learners already known word but still they are not part of the context; the third one is contextualizing technique that the word will be studied in communicative context; and the last one is adaptable that reinforce other techniques (Oxford Crookall , 1990). Decontextualizing technique consists of word lists that are divided into unpaired list and paired list, flashcards and conventional dictionary use; semi contextualizing which is consisted of words grouping ,visual imaginary ,key word ,physical sensation and semantic mapping; contextualizing technique that is processed with in the four skills in general English proficiency; and the last one , adaptable technique which they use structured reviewing (Oxford Crookall, 1990). In the Asgaris research, the division is based on Schmitt classification, and he divides it in discovery strategies and consolidation strategies with five sub- categories consists of determination, social, memory ,cognitive and metacognitive strategies ( Asgari,2010). In the research that has been done by Asgari, she tries to related the learning strategies to vocabulary learning ,although it is acceptable but more specification is needed , because a specific classification for vocabulary learning strategies has been given. Other strategies which are related to learning in general term, can be associated to vocabulary learning as well , such as circumlocution when we describe the unknown word for the listener ; using prefabricated pattern , word coinage , approximation and so on (William Burden, 1997).the mentioned techniques are part of the compensatory strategy, which is crucial for learner productive vocabulary knowledge. When they use this type of strategy they will continue the production and this will cause low anxiety and high degree of motivation. 3. Conclusion So far different aspects of motivation and vocabulary learning have been investigated, the problems that EFL learners have in the classes and generally as the process of learning the second or foreign language beside the kinds of motivation and kinds of words. Also different strategies have been mentioned to compensate the above problems. The reason for this division is first there is not enough literature on this specific subject and second from my own understanding there are mutual relationship between vocabulary learning and motivation. By that I mean when the learners are motivated they will learn vocabulary better and when they learn a word they will be more motivated. So the reason for bringing all the above problems, kinds and strategies is that they are like a chain and they are related to each other. Deng in his research found no difference between male and female in motivation for vocabulary learning and he found a significant relationship between vocabulary learning and mo tivation (Deng, 2010).and also Fernandez Terrazas (2012) in their research found that there is a significant positive relationship between the level of motivation and receptive vocabulary tests grade (p.49). so by considering the level of motivation we can improve vocabulary learning among the EFL learners.

Parkinsons Disease Essay -- Health

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a striatal dopamine deficiency disorder as a consequence of neuronal loss in the substania nigra. It is named after James Parkinson, a British apothecary, who first fully documented its physical signs in 1817. Since then, significant advances have been made in our understanding of characteristic pathophysiology as well as in the medical treatment of different stages of PD. An overview of condition features in terms of epidemiology, manifestations, diagnosis and disease management will be discussed in this paper. I. Epidemiology Parkinson’s disease is a common form of Parkinsonism, affecting as many as one out of every hundred people aged 65 years and over. The disease prevalence increases with age, with approximately 2% of those older than 80 years having PD. It is estimated that the number of patients diagnosed with PD is around 110,000 in the UK. No significant gender predominance has been recognised in most epidemiological studies although some evidence implies that men are more likely to develop PD than their counterparts. Owning to population aging, the incidence of PD is anticipated to rise dramatically in the coming decades. Despite being the second most common neurodegenerative illness after Alzheimer’s disease, the cause of PD remains elusive. To date, a considerable amount of literature has suggested that the disorder may be precipitated by either or both genetic and environmental factors (e.g. ingestion or inhalation of a neurotoxin called MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro pyridine). II. Manifestations Parkinson’s disease is classically characterised by the tetrad of clinical features, as follows: bradykinesia or slowness of movement, rest tremor (usually described as pil... ...W, Poewe W, Stocchi F, et al. Rasagiline as an adjunct to levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease and motor fluctuations (LARGO, Lasting effect in Adjunct therapy with Rasagiline Given Once daily, study): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group trial. The Lancet. 12;365(9463):947–54. 10. Rabey JM, Sagi I, Huberman M, Melamed E, Korczyn A, Giladi N, et al. Rasagiline mesylate, a new MAO-B inhibitor for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind study as adjunctive therapy to levodopa. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2000 Dec;23(6):324–30. 11. Oldfield V, Keating GM, Perry CM. Rasagiline: a review of its use in the management of Parkinson’s disease. Drugs. 2007;67(12):1725–47. 12. Chen JJ, Ly A-V. Rasagiline: A second-generation monoamine oxidase type-B inhibitor for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006 May 15;63(10):915–28.